Preface

**Section 4 Low Power Consumption Electronics 125**

Arijit Banerjee

**VI** Contents

**Section 5 Sensors and Biodetection 167**

**for Biodetection 191**

Ruby Srivastava

Pârvulescu

Chapter 7 **Ultra-Low-Power Embedded SRAM Design for Battery-**

Wenquan Du, Zixin Wang and Dihu Chen

**Towards "Green Electronics" 169**

**Operated and Energy-Harvested IoT Applications 127**

Chapter 8 **Optimizing of Convolutional Neural Network Accelerator 147**

Chapter 9 **Biomolecules and Pure Carbon Aggregates: An Application**

Chapter 10 **Integrated p-NOI Structures on Nanoporous Material Designed**

Chapter 11 **Environmental Application of High Sensitive Gas Sensors with Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy 207**

Cristian Ravariu, Elena Manea, Alina Popescu and Cătălin

Xiaojuan Cui, Fengzhong Dong, Zhirong Zhang, Hua Xia, Tao Pang, Pengshuai Sun, Bian Wu, Shuo Liu, Luo Han, Zhe Li and Runqing Yu

The purpose of the *Green Electronics* book is to stimulate new comprehensions of the green con‐ cepts in electronics, appealing to the ultimate nanoscale and nanotechnology developments or pro‐ posing bioorganic pathways. In the future, the industry may or may not be "green". Therefore, an environment-friendly electronics is a main challenge in the future, as for all the other industrial branches.

The book offers multiple solutions to push the classical electronic industry toward green routes, aided by nanotechnologies with revolutionary features that provide low power consumption in electronics, propose biomaterials for integrated structures, and include environmental monitoring tools. Based on organic semiconductors or insulators without toxic precursors, green electronic technologies launched promising devices like OLED, OTFT, or nano-core-shell transistors. Starting from these pieces, the next difficult tasks for the worldwide actors concern sustainable factory con‐ struction, keeping self-maintenance, eco-technologies, circular economy, e-waste control, long life cycle, recycling electronics, or renewable resources as basic concepts.

The *Green Electronics* book successfully presents the recent directions collected worldwide: lowvoltage-low-size devices and circuits emphasizing heat dissipation in MOSFET sub-90nm or em‐ bedded SRAM cells; new nanotechnologies for green integrated electronics, like carbon-nanotube transistors, nano-wire FETs, thin-film transistors, low waste technologies, and low-temperature eco-nanotechnologies; new and alternative materials for electronic devices and embedded systems, like nano-core-shell layers, flexible substrate, letter printing, organic semiconductors, and organic insulators; recent revolutionary devices for green scopes, like few electron transistors and nothingon-insulator devices; biomaterials for integrated sensors, like DNA on chip, electronic-integrated biosensors, environment monitoring, pesticide-capacitive biosensors, and network sensors for at‐ mospheric monitoring; and low-power-consumption electronics used in electrical vehicles, har‐ vested energy for IoT applications, or convolutional neural network accelerator.

Being an extremely young topic, *Green Electronics* leaves free space for new additional subtopics in the next years.

**Acknowledgment**: The challenging task of finalizing this book was possible with the constant sup‐ port of the InTech team. The editors appreciate and thank the officer of our project, Mr. Julian Vir‐ ag, who assisted us in all stages. The editors had in their mind the green pathways in electronics during this period, because they are involved in research project as PN-III-P4-ID-PCE-2016-0480 and project 4/2017-TFTNANOEL.

> **Cristian Ravariu** Polytechnic University of Bucharest Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology Department of Electronic Devices, Circuits and Architectures Bucharest, Romania

> > **Dan Eduard Mihaiescu** Polytechnic University of Bucharest Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science Department of Organic Chemistry "Costin Nenitescu" Bucharest, Romania

**Section 1**

**Nanoscale and Nanotechnologies**

**Nanoscale and Nanotechnologies**

**Chapter 1**

**Provisional chapter**

**Introductory Chapter: Green Electronics Starting from**

Worldwide communities, governmental agencies or international research programs like Horizon2020 or Green Program2030, made huge concerted efforts to launch new visions in economy and society, [1]: green building, green cities, promoting the green transport development [2], eco-labels for logistics, green economy—bioeconomy, new green energy resources, network on bio-products, green and cost efficient aircraft design and not in the last time smart, green and integrated electronics, [3]. The main pillar for a future green electronic industry is foreseen by the sustainable electronics that imply a feedback technological flow, to 99.99% reuse of the output products transformed in wastes, back to the input, as raw material. In this scope, new insights must be assimilated for a green factory vision: lifecycle of electronic technologies, recycling electronics, green energy convertors, electronic wastes reconversion new technologies, materials reconversion, mobile phones eco-rating and the list rests opened. On the other hand, the traditional electronics industries can redistribute their objectives to comply the green electronics targets: low power consumption, low voltage-low size, low quantities of raw materials and resources—suitable to nanotechnologies or nanoelectronics, biomaterials in electronics, green organic semiconductors [4], long life products, electronics applied in ecology, solar cells development, green energy generators, green energy accumulators, nanoscale integrated electronics, hysteretic materials with memory property for smart electronics [5], integrated sensors and biosensors [6], environmental applications, sensors network, bio-medical-eco-electronics [7]. For instance, a recent ecological solution for integrated electronic biosensors follows a simultaneously 22 blood tests, concentrating 22 separate devices in one, using low quantities of blood samples, due to the revolutionary technology of dry biochemistry with minimal wastes, [8]. Also, the medical electronics have to take care in the next future to avoid not only the environment pollution or agglomeration with discarded equipments, but mainly to fulfill a green behavior face to the exposed human body.

**Introductory Chapter: Green Electronics Starting from** 

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.73312

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution,

© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**Nanotechnologies and Organic Semiconductors**

**Nanotechnologies and Organic Semiconductors**

Cristian Ravariu and Dan Eduard Mihaiescu

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Cristian Ravariu and Dan Eduard Mihaiescu

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.73312

**1. Introduction**

**Provisional chapter**
