**5. Tests of eKart**

crash. The proposed battery position at the rear of the vehicle is located between the rear axles and is protected by a rear bumper, and lateral side seats are secured with side chassis, aerodynamic elements, and a bumper. The front battery compartment is located at the fuel tank of ICE go-kart. The advantage of rear or side mounts is the distance to the motor, while

For proving the concept of eKart, prototype of eKart was designed and built according to the concept [13]. After design phase where different technologies and component were analyzed,

the advantage of the front position is a better eKart static balance.

• Power transmission Synchronous toothed belt

**4. Construction of eKart**

118 Green Electronics

eKart was built with following parameters:

**Figure 11.** Potential position of the main components of eKart.

• Maximum power of electric motors 2×5 kW • Maximum torque of electric motors 2×14 Nm

• Protection class IP54

• Operating voltage 39–58 V • Battery capacity 108 Ah • Vehicle mass 97.3 kg

• Dimensions 1870 × 1340 mm

The purpose of the test was to verify the concept and the design assumptions in experimental research. Test run was conducted on the Tor Łódź circuit in Stryków, Poland 596 m short track, 8–12 m wide, clockwise direction (**Figure 13**).

Test runs were carried out on November 19, 2016, air temperature 11°C and atmospheric pressure ~ 992 hPa. The surface at the start of the tests was wet, while the test surface was mostly wet.

**Figure 13.** Short track of Tor Łódź © circuit.

The analysis was based on data from RaceCapture Pro2 as shown in **Figure 14.**

The maximum speed on the test section was 52.64 mph, that is, 84.75 km/h (**Figure 9**). The maximum measured acceleration measured on a straight run was 13,787 s from 0 to 100 km/h. Acceleration was extrapolated from an increase in speed from 40.41 km/h to 84.75 km/h in 6.12 s, on a straight line allowing maximum acceleration. In **Figure 15** the extrapolated acceleration of the eKarts with comparison to three categories of the Rotax Max Challenge Series.

Comparing the maximum speed and acceleration of the eKart with ICE go-kart of the Rotax Max Challenge categories shown in **Table 6**; not considering the movement resistance and air resistance, it can be assumed that, by increasing the gear ratio by 22% in eKart, eKart would have similar parameters to the MiniMax category of the Rotax Max Challenge series.

During the tests, eKart sound loudness was measured. At a distance of 5 m from the track axis, the Benetech GM1356 was used, with the range of 30–130 dB and tolerance of ± 1.5 dB. In three

The measured value of the eKart noise is about six times lower than the noise level generated by the comparable class of ICE go-kart from Rotax Max Challenge series which is 90 dB [14].

With existing Li-ion battery technology, it is possible to construct eKarts for children and junior categories. With the current technology, it is not possible to create eKarts for senior categories in line with the current regulations for go-karts as the mass of the battery exceeds the weight of the entire drive train system of the go-kart. In order to provide a solution for senior categories, it would be necessary to change the regulations, for example, race time and vehicle weight, or wait for emerging battery technology to provide an energy density of at

In this chapter, author proves that current technology is enabled to create eKart which is competitive and more efficient to ICE go-kart MiniMax category from Rotax Max Challenge series.

tests, the noise level was measured at 80.3 dB; measurement is shown in **Figure 16**.

**Max velocity (km/h)**

**Table 6.** Comparison of speed and acceleration of eKart with ICE go-karts of Rotax Max Challenge categories.

eKart 13.79 84.75 — — MicroMax 22.34 91.23 162 108 MiniMax 16.87 103.07 122 122 JuniorMax 13.74 110.67 100 131

**Acceleration diff. eKarta** 

**Max velocity diff. eKarta** 

121

**(%)**

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.72892

Vehicle Dynamics and Green Electronic Differential for eKart

**(%)**

least 350 Wh/kg, which should take place within 3 years.

**6. Conclusions**

**Figure 16.** eKart noise intensity measurement.

**Acceleration (0–100 km/h)**

**Figure 14.** Data from eKart road tests on Tor Łódź © circuit.

**Figure 15.** Comparison of extrapolated accelerations of eKart and the category Rotax Max.


**Table 6.** Comparison of speed and acceleration of eKart with ICE go-karts of Rotax Max Challenge categories.

**Figure 16.** eKart noise intensity measurement.

During the tests, eKart sound loudness was measured. At a distance of 5 m from the track axis, the Benetech GM1356 was used, with the range of 30–130 dB and tolerance of ± 1.5 dB. In three tests, the noise level was measured at 80.3 dB; measurement is shown in **Figure 16**.

The measured value of the eKart noise is about six times lower than the noise level generated by the comparable class of ICE go-kart from Rotax Max Challenge series which is 90 dB [14].
