**1. Introduction**

Nanobiotechnology is gaining tremendous impetus in this era due to its ability to modulate metals into their nanosize and further interaction to the biological complexes, which efficiently changes their physicochemical and optical properties. Accordingly, considerable attention is being given to the development of novel strategies for the different nanoparticles of specific composition and size using biological sources. As the currently available techniques are expensive, environmentally harmful, and inefficient with respect to materials and energy use, so the emphasis is given to design the user friendly, non-toxic complexes, which can be used in biomedical and environmental applications. The major key prerequisite for achieving sustainability in the electronics industry is the usage of materials and technologies that have

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

low embodied energy. Numerous efforts have been made throughout the world to develop environmentally benign technologies with nontoxic products using green nanotechnology and biotechnological tools. The synthesis of these nanoparticles using biological methods or green technology has diverse nature, greater stability and appropriate dimensions. So it is the current demand of the entire world to use specific techniques to characterize the potential of these hybrid complexes as an application towards drug delivery and biomedical fields. As we are focused towards Molecular electronics, so *bottom up* approach is included in this chapter, in which the individual molecular devices are built by synthesizing molecules with the desired electronic properties which are interconnected into an electronic circuits using attachment techniques like self-assembly. The main advantages of these complexes are their natural nanoscale structures, which can be created as absolutely identical in vast quantities and low fabrication cost [1–8] (**Figure 1**).

antibody molecules, which becomes an important factor for successful fabrication of immunosensors [17], which involves screen printing technology. Photoacoustic imaging technique has been developed which works on ultrasound spatial resolution and intrinsic rich optical contrast, penetrates deep into the tissues [18, 19] with acoustic ultra sounds and act as a detection tool in diagnostic medicine [20]. Thomas et al. [21], demonstrated all aspects of overhand throwing, using a 12 camera Vicon motion analysis system in a general motor program using bio-electronic signals. The synthesis from bioprocess or the material used as biomaterial, or the organism used for "GE" i.e. "Genetics Engineering," or the sensor and the receptor in the field, there is a relation between each research studies; that is nothing but the *field of biotechnology*.

Biomolecules and Pure Carbon Aggregates: An Application Towards "Green Electronics"

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.73177

171

Molecular electronics (ME) deals intensively with a long term alternative for increasing the device density in an IC and continuing Moore's law down to the nanometer scale. The basic idea of ME is to use individual molecules to act as wires, switches and memories. Till date, no detailed investigations have been carried out for various complexes using green technology, their utilization, or their analyses have been published. Therefore, this chapter is conducted to highlight the use of various nano-bio complexes, their use in green technology and different techniques for characterization of nanoparticles to provide a better understanding of the these

The ME can be further divided to (a) small covalently bonded organic molecules ((aromatic chains, conjugated polymers); b) large biomolecules (DNA, nucleoside-based aggregates,

The organic electronics based on conjugated polymers or small molecules as the core semiconductor element hold the high promise of delivering low-cost and energy-efficient materials and devices, yet the performance and stability of organic semiconductors remain major hurdles in their development as solid competitors of the inorganic counterparts. So the "soft" nature of carbon-based materials are considered enabling fabrication of extremely flexible, highly conformable and even imperceptibly thin electronic devices. In recent years, the graphene based nanomaterials have received considerable attention owing to their distinguished electronic and transport properties and act as promising candidates for electronics and spintronics. So green materials can act as emerging concept with carbon based class and integration of electronics into living tissue with the aim of achieving biochemical monitoring, diagnostic drug delivery tasks or generating human and environmentally benign technologies. Now the green technologies are carving the avenues towards achieving the ambitious goal of sustainability in the field of electronics. The quest is to achieve electronics sustainability by solving the energy deficiency puzzle and redressing the unfolding disaster, for which we look to the apparent simplicity of nature. Our aim is to create a novel class of engineered materials which are able to deliver complex functions that found applications in electronics; designing superhydrophobic (lotus effect), super-adhesive (gecko effect) or self-healing surfaces. Nature is the most efficient energy consumption engine that can be used for infinite purposes. In the last 10 years, we have witnessed a great deal of effort towards the development of novel conductive materials (electrodes) able to interface electronics with biological matter to deliver recognize events (i.e. biosensing, bio-recognition) and the modulate events (i.e. tissue engineering). Here we have selected the larger biomolecules and pure carbon aggregates and their role in

sources to improve their uses in modern technology.

the field of green electronics.

proteins); c) pure carbon aggregates (carbon nanotubes, graphenes).

The reason for green electronics arises as the elements used previously in the field of green electronics such as Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu, Cr and As are potential bio-accumulative toxins in the production system of milk and dairy products [9]. Cadmium cause bone demineralization, either through direct bone damage or indirectly as a result of renal dysfunction [10].

In contrast to the above, the application of nanoscale materials for electrochemical biosensors has been grown exponentially due to high sensitivity and fast response time [11, 12]. So we can say that there evolved a parallel study as nano-bio-complexes in the field of green electronics, blending the biomolecules and nanotechnology. These nano-biosensor designs have created revolution in the field which can become a pioneering research work. Recently hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) [13] were used to assay the receptor signaling mechanisms which can be used in biosensors or nano-biosensors. The findings above lead to amperometric biosensor [14] based on enzyme from *Brassica napus* hairy roots to determine ochratoxin, is a colorless crystalline compound that is classified as pentaketides [15]. All biological molecules and cell organelles are chemo mechanically controlled systems known to every biologist. It is an interdisciplinary art to activate them to work as an electronic device [16]. Above all, developing an Immunosensor depends on immobilization of

**Figure 1.** Schematic sequence of processes in the construction of a commercial chip (image from official INTEL website http://www.intel.com).

antibody molecules, which becomes an important factor for successful fabrication of immunosensors [17], which involves screen printing technology. Photoacoustic imaging technique has been developed which works on ultrasound spatial resolution and intrinsic rich optical contrast, penetrates deep into the tissues [18, 19] with acoustic ultra sounds and act as a detection tool in diagnostic medicine [20]. Thomas et al. [21], demonstrated all aspects of overhand throwing, using a 12 camera Vicon motion analysis system in a general motor program using bio-electronic signals. The synthesis from bioprocess or the material used as biomaterial, or the organism used for "GE" i.e. "Genetics Engineering," or the sensor and the receptor in the field, there is a relation between each research studies; that is nothing but the *field of biotechnology*.

low embodied energy. Numerous efforts have been made throughout the world to develop environmentally benign technologies with nontoxic products using green nanotechnology and biotechnological tools. The synthesis of these nanoparticles using biological methods or green technology has diverse nature, greater stability and appropriate dimensions. So it is the current demand of the entire world to use specific techniques to characterize the potential of these hybrid complexes as an application towards drug delivery and biomedical fields. As we are focused towards Molecular electronics, so *bottom up* approach is included in this chapter, in which the individual molecular devices are built by synthesizing molecules with the desired electronic properties which are interconnected into an electronic circuits using attachment techniques like self-assembly. The main advantages of these complexes are their natural nanoscale structures, which can be created as absolutely identical in vast quantities

The reason for green electronics arises as the elements used previously in the field of green electronics such as Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu, Cr and As are potential bio-accumulative toxins in the production system of milk and dairy products [9]. Cadmium cause bone demineralization, either

In contrast to the above, the application of nanoscale materials for electrochemical biosensors has been grown exponentially due to high sensitivity and fast response time [11, 12]. So we can say that there evolved a parallel study as nano-bio-complexes in the field of green electronics, blending the biomolecules and nanotechnology. These nano-biosensor designs have created revolution in the field which can become a pioneering research work. Recently hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) [13] were used to assay the receptor signaling mechanisms which can be used in biosensors or nano-biosensors. The findings above lead to amperometric biosensor [14] based on enzyme from *Brassica napus* hairy roots to determine ochratoxin, is a colorless crystalline compound that is classified as pentaketides [15]. All biological molecules and cell organelles are chemo mechanically controlled systems known to every biologist. It is an interdisciplinary art to activate them to work as an electronic device [16]. Above all, developing an Immunosensor depends on immobilization of

**Figure 1.** Schematic sequence of processes in the construction of a commercial chip (image from official INTEL website

through direct bone damage or indirectly as a result of renal dysfunction [10].

and low fabrication cost [1–8] (**Figure 1**).

170 Green Electronics

http://www.intel.com).

Molecular electronics (ME) deals intensively with a long term alternative for increasing the device density in an IC and continuing Moore's law down to the nanometer scale. The basic idea of ME is to use individual molecules to act as wires, switches and memories. Till date, no detailed investigations have been carried out for various complexes using green technology, their utilization, or their analyses have been published. Therefore, this chapter is conducted to highlight the use of various nano-bio complexes, their use in green technology and different techniques for characterization of nanoparticles to provide a better understanding of the these sources to improve their uses in modern technology.

The ME can be further divided to (a) small covalently bonded organic molecules ((aromatic chains, conjugated polymers); b) large biomolecules (DNA, nucleoside-based aggregates, proteins); c) pure carbon aggregates (carbon nanotubes, graphenes).

The organic electronics based on conjugated polymers or small molecules as the core semiconductor element hold the high promise of delivering low-cost and energy-efficient materials and devices, yet the performance and stability of organic semiconductors remain major hurdles in their development as solid competitors of the inorganic counterparts. So the "soft" nature of carbon-based materials are considered enabling fabrication of extremely flexible, highly conformable and even imperceptibly thin electronic devices. In recent years, the graphene based nanomaterials have received considerable attention owing to their distinguished electronic and transport properties and act as promising candidates for electronics and spintronics. So green materials can act as emerging concept with carbon based class and integration of electronics into living tissue with the aim of achieving biochemical monitoring, diagnostic drug delivery tasks or generating human and environmentally benign technologies. Now the green technologies are carving the avenues towards achieving the ambitious goal of sustainability in the field of electronics. The quest is to achieve electronics sustainability by solving the energy deficiency puzzle and redressing the unfolding disaster, for which we look to the apparent simplicity of nature. Our aim is to create a novel class of engineered materials which are able to deliver complex functions that found applications in electronics; designing superhydrophobic (lotus effect), super-adhesive (gecko effect) or self-healing surfaces. Nature is the most efficient energy consumption engine that can be used for infinite purposes. In the last 10 years, we have witnessed a great deal of effort towards the development of novel conductive materials (electrodes) able to interface electronics with biological matter to deliver recognize events (i.e. biosensing, bio-recognition) and the modulate events (i.e. tissue engineering). Here we have selected the larger biomolecules and pure carbon aggregates and their role in the field of green electronics.
