**7. References**

Adams RM (1990). Metal polishers. In: Adams RM (ed) Occupational skin disease, 2nd ed; Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 638-639, ISBN 0-7216-2926-1.

Epidemiology of Contact Dermatitis 15

Devos SA & Van Der Valk PG. (2002) Epicutaneous patch testing. *Eur J Dermatol,* Vol.12,

Dickel H, Bruckner T, Berhard-Klimt C, Koch T, Scheidt R, Diepgen TL (2002). Surveillance

Diepgen TL, Coenraads PJ (2000). The impact of sensitivity, specificity and positive

Dotterud LK, Falk E S (1994). Metal allergy in north Norwegian schoolchildren and its

Dotterud LK, Falk E S (1995). Contact allergy in relation to hand eczema and atopic diseases

Dotterud LK, Smith-Sivertsen T (2007). Allergic contact sensitization in the general adult

Fernández Vozmediano JM, Armario Hita JC (2005). Allergic contact dermatitis in children. *J* 

Fowler J F, Duh M S, Chang J, Person J, Thorn D, Raut M, et al (2006). A survey-based

*Contact Dermatitis,* Vol.46, No4 (April 2002), pp. 197-206, ISSN 0105-1873 Diepgen TL & Coenrads PJ (2000). The epidemiology of occupational contact dermatitis. In:

scheme for occupational skin disease in the Saarland, FRG: first report from BKH-S.

Kanerva L, Elsner P, Wahlberg JE, Maibach HI (ed). Handbook of occupational dermatology, 1st ed; Springer Verlag berlin Heidelberg New York, ISBN 3-540-

predictive value of patch testing: the more you test, the more you get? *Contact* 

relationship with ear piercing and atopy. *Contact Dermatitis,* Vol.31, No.5

in north Norwegian schoolchildren. *Acta Paediatr,* Vol.84, No.4 (April 1995), pp.

population: a population-based study from northern Norway. *Contact Dermatitis,*

*Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol,* Vol.19, No.1 (January 2005), pp. 42–46, ISSN 0926-9959.

assessment of the prevalence and severity of chronic hand dermatitis in a managed care organization. *Cutis,* Vol.77, No.6 (June 2006), pp. 385–392, ISSN 0011-4162. García-Gavín J, Armario-Hita JC, Fernández-Redondo V, Fernández-Vozmediano JM,

Sánchez-Pérez J, Silvestre JF, et al (2011). Epidemiology of Contact Dermatitis in Spain. Results of the Spanish Surveillance System on Contact Allergies for the year 2008. *Actas Dermosifiliogr, Vol.102, No.2 (March 2011), pp.* 98-105, ISSN 0001-7310 Geier J, Struppek K (1995). Amamnese-Auxilium für die berufsdermatologische

Untersuchung von Mauren, Betobbauern, Fliesenlegern and Angehörigen verwandter Berufe. *Dermatosen in Beruf und Umwelt,* Vol.43, No.2 (January 1995),

severity of hand eczema in the general population. *Br J Dermatol,* Vol.158, No.4

patch tested betweeen 2000 and 2006. *Intern J Dermatol*, Vol.48, No.3 (March 2009),

Hald M, Berg N D, Elberling J, Johansen J D (2008). Medical consultations in relation to

Halkier-Sorensen L (1996). Occupational skin diseases. *Contact Dermatitis,* Vol.35, Suppl 1:1-

Hammonds LM, Hall VC, Yiannias JA (2009). Allergic contact dermatitis in 136 children

No.5 (September-October 2002), pp. 506-13, ISSN 1167-1122.

*Dermatitis,* Vol.42, No.6 (June 2000), pp. 315-7, ISSN 0105-1873

(November 1994), pp. 308–313, ISSN 0105-1873

Vol.56, No.1 (January 2007), pp. 10–15, ISSN 0105-1873

064046-0. pp 3-16.

402–406, ISSN 0001-656X.

pp. 75-80, ISSN 03432432.

120, ISSN 0105-1873

pp. 271-274, ISSN 0011-9059.

(April 2008), pp. 773–777, ISSN 0007-0963


Agrup G (1969). Hand eczema and other hand dermatosis in South Sweden. *Acta Derm* 

Akasya-Hillenbrand E, Ozkaya-Bayazit E (2002). Patch test results in 542 patients with

Astner S, Burnett N, Rius-Díaz F, Doukas AG, González S, González E (2006). Irritant

Balato A, Balato N, Di Costanzo L, Ayala F (2011). Contact sensitization in the elderly. *Clin Dermatol,* 2011 Vol.29, No.1 (January-February 2011), pp. 24-30, ISSN 0738-081X. Barros M A, Baptista A, Correia T M, Azevedo F (1991). Patch testing in children: a study of

Bo K, Thoresen M, Dalgard F (2008). Smokers report more psoriasis, but not atopic

adults. *Dermatology,* Vol.216, No.1 (January 2008), pp. 40-45, ISSN 1018-8665. Brisman J, Meding B, Jarvholm B (1998). Occurrence of self reported hand eczema in Swedish bakers. *Occup Environ Med*, Vol.55, No.11 (November 1998), pp. 750–754. Bruckner AL, Weston WL, Morelli JG (2000). Does sensitization to contact allergens begin in infancy? *Pediatrics*, Vol.105, No.1 (january 2000), pp. e3, ISSN 0031-4005 Bruynzeel DP, Diepgen TL, Andersen KE, Brandão FM, Bruze M, Frosch PJ, et al G (2005)

*Dermatitis,* Vol.53, No.3 (September 2005), pp. 146–149, ISSN 0105-1873 Bryld L E, Hindsberger C, Kyvik K O, Agner T, Menné T (2003). Risk factors influencing the

Carlsen BC, Thyssen JP, Menné T, Meldgaard M, Linneberg A, Nielsen NH, et al (2011).

Cherry N, Meyer JN, Adisesh A, Brooke R, Owen-Smith V, Swales C, Beck MH (2000).

Coenraads PJ, Goncalo M. Skin diseases with high public health impact. Contact dermatitis

Davis JA, Visscher MO, Wickett RR, Hoath SB (2010). Influence of tumour necrosis factor-α

*Dermatol,* Vol.159, No.3 (September 2008), pp. 621-627, ISBN 0007-0963

Vol.149, No.6 (December 2003), pp. 1214–1220, ISBN 0007-0963

Vol.142, No.6 (June 2000), pp. 1128–1134, ISBN 0007-0963

suspected contact dermatitis in Turkey. *Contact Dermatitis,* Vol.46, No.1 (January

contact dermatitis induced by a common household irritant: a noninvasive evaluation of ethnic variability in skin response. *J Am Acad Dermatol,* Vol.54. No.3

562 schoolchildren. *Contact Dermatitis*, Vol.25, No.3 (September 1991), pp. 156–159,

dermatitis or hand eczema: results from a Norwegian population survey among

Monitoring the European Standard series in 10 centres: 1996-2000. *Contact* 

development of hand eczema in a population-based twin sample. *Br J* Dermatol,

Association between filaggrin null mutations and concomitant atopic dermatitis and contact allergy. *Clin Exp Dermatol,* Vol.36, No.5 (July 2011), pp. 467-472, ISSN

Surveillance of occupational skin disease: EPIDERM and OPRA. *Br J Dermatol*,

(2007). *Eur J Dermatol,* Vol.17, No.6 (November-December 2007), pp. 564-565, ISSN

polymorphism-308 and atopy on irritant contact dermatitis in healthcare workers. *Contact Dermatitis,* Vol.63, No.6 (December 2010), pp. 320-332, ISSN 0105-1873 de Jongh CM, Khrenova L, Verberk MM, Calkoen F, van Dijk FJ, Voss H, et al (2008). Loss-

of-function polymorphisms in the filaggrin gene are associated with an increased susceptibility to chronic irritant contact dermatitis: a case-control study. *Br J* 

*Venereol,* Vol 49, (Suppl. 61): 1–91, ISSN 0001-5555.

2002), pp. 17-23, ISSN 0105-1873

ISSN 0105-1873

0307-6938.

1167-1122.

(March 2006), pp. 458-465, ISSN 0190-9622


Epidemiology of Contact Dermatitis 17

Meding B, Swanbeck G (1987). Prevalence of hand eczema in an industrial city. *Br J* 

Meding B, Swanbeck G. Predictive factors for hand eczema (1990). *Contact Dermatitis,* Vol.23,

Meding B, Wrangsjö K, Hosseiny S, Andersson E, Hagberg S, Toren K, et al (2006).

Meijer C, Bredberg M, Fischer T, Widstrom L (1995). Ear piercing, and nickel and cobalt

*Contact Dermatitis,* Vol.32, No.3 (March 1995), pp. 147–149, ISSN 0105-1873 Meneghini CL, Angelini G (1984). Primary and secondary sites of occupational contact

Menné T, Borgan O, Green A (1982). Nickel allergy and hand dermatitis in a stratified

Menné T, Knudsen B (1997). Clinical data in the classification of contact allergens. In:

Moberg C, Alderling M, Meding B (2009). Hand eczema and quality of life: a population-

Modjtahedi SP, Maibach HI. Ethnicity as a possible endogenous factor in irritant contact

Montnemery P, Nihlen U, Lofdahl C G, Nyberg P, Svensson A (2005). Prevalence of hand

Mortz CG, Lauritsen JM, Bindslev-Jensen C, Andersen KE (2001). Prevalence of atopic

Mortz C G, Lauritsen J M, Bindslev-Jensen C, Andersen K E (2002). Contact allergy and

Muñoz Lejarazu D (2009). Contact dermatitis: Alergológica-2005. *J Investig Allergol Clin* 

*Dermatol,* Vol.144, No.3 (March 2001), pp. 523-532, ISSN 0007-0963

*Immunol, Vol.19,* Suppl 2:34-6, ISSN 1018-9068

Occupational skin exposure and hand eczema among dental technicians-need for improved prevention. *Scand J Work Environ Health,* Vol.32, No.3 (June 2006), pp.

sensitization, in 520 young Swedish men doing compulsory military service.

dermatitis. *Dermatosen in Beruf und Umwelt,* Vol.32, No.6 (November-December

sample of the Danish female population: an epidemiological study including a statistic appendix. *Acta Derm Venereol,* Vol.62, No.1 (January 1982), pp. 35–41, ISSN

Flyvholm A-A-, Andersen KE, baranski B, Sarlo K (eds). Criteria for classification of skin and airway-sensitizing substances in the work and general environments. *WHO Regional Office for Europ*e, Copenhagen, pp 91-100, EUR/ICP/EHPM 05 02 01.

based study. Br *J Dermatol,* Vol.161, No.2 (August 2009), pp. 397-403, ISSN 0007-

dermatitis: comparing the irritant response among Caucasians, blacks, and Asians (2002). Contact Dermatitis, Vol.47, No.5 (November 2002), pp. 272-278, ISSN 0105-

eczema in an adult Swedish population and the relationship to risk occupation and smoking. *Acta Derm Venereol,* Vol.85, No.5 (September 2005), pp. 429–432, ISSN

dermatitis, asthma, allergic rhinitis, and hand and contact dermatitis in adolescents. The Odense Adolescence Cohort Study on Atopic Diseases and Dermatitis. *Br J* 

allergic contact dermatitis in adolescents: prevalence measures and associations. The Odense Adolescence Cohort Study on Atopic Diseases and Dermatitis (TOACS). *Acta Derm Venereol,* Vol.82, No.5 (September 2002), pp. 352–358, ISSN

*Dermatol,* Vol.116, No.5 (May 1987), pp. 627–634, ISSN 0007-0963

No.3 (September 1990), pp. 154–161, ISSN 0105-1873

219–224, ISSN 0355-3140

0001-5555

0963

1873

0001-5555

0001-5555

1984), pp. 205-207, ISSN 03432432.


Itschner L, Hinnen U, Elsner P (1996) Skin risk assessment of metalworking fluids: A survey

Josefson A, Farm G, Stymne B, Meding B (2006). Nickel allergy and hand eczema-a 20-year

Kavli G, Forde O H (1984). Hand dermatoses in Tromso. *Contact Dermatitis,* Vol.10, No.3

Katsarou A, Armenaka M (2011). Atopic dermatitis in older patients: particular points. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, Vol.25, No.1 (January 2011), pp. 12-18, ISSN 0926-9959. Lammintausta K, Kalimo KM, Fagerlund VL. Patch test reactions in atopic patients. Contact

Lantinga H, Nater J P, Coenraads P J (1984). Prevalence, incidence and course of eczema on

Lazarov A (2006). European Standard Series patch test results from a contact dermatitis

Lerbaek A, Kyvik K O, Ravn H, Menn´e T, Agner T (2007). Incidence of hand eczema in a

Lind M L, Albin M, Brisman J, Kronholm Diab K, Lillienberg L, Mikoczy Z, et al (2007)

McCurdy SA, Wiggins TH, Seligman PJ, Halperin WE (1990). Assessing dermatitis in

McFadden JP, Dearman RJ, White JM, Basketter DA, Kimber I (2011). The Hapten-Atopy

Meding B (1990). Epidemiology of hand eczema in an industrial city. *Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh*), Vol.153, No.1 (January 1990), pp. 1–43, ISSN 0365-8341. Meding B, Lidén C, Berglind N (2001). Self-diagnosed dermatitis in adults. Results from a

Meding B, Jarvholm B (2002). Hand eczema in Swedish adults – changes in prevalence

Meding B, Jarvholm B (2004). Incidence of hand eczema-a population-based retrospective study*. J Invest Dermatol,* Vol.122, No.4 (April 2004), pp. 873–877, ISSN 0022-202X

*Dermatol,* Vol.157, No.3 (September 2007), pp. 552–557, ISSN 0007-0963 Lewis VJ, Statham BN, Chowdhury MMU (2004). Allergic contact dermatitis in 191

the hands and forearms in a sample of the general population. *Contact Dermatitis,* 

clinic in Israel during the 7-year period from 1998 to 2004. *Contact Dermatitis,* 

population-based twin cohort: genetic and environmental risk factors. *Br J* 

consecutively patch tested children. *Contact Dermatitis,* Vol.51, No.3 (September

Incidence of hand eczema in female Swedish hairdressers. *Occup Environ Med,* 

epidemiologic studies: occupational skin disease among California grape and tomato harvesters. *Am J Ind Med,* Vol.16, No.2 (March-April 1990), pp. 147-157,

hypothesis II: the 'cutaneous hapten paradox'. *Clin Exp Allergy,* Vol.41, No.3 (March

population survey in Stockholm. *Contact Dermatitis,* Vol.45, No.6 (December 2001);

between 1983 and 1996. *J Invest Dermatol,* Vol.118, No.4 (April 2002), pp. 719–723,

Dermatitis, Vol.26, No.4 (April 1992), pp. 234-240, ISSN 0105-1873.

Vol.10, No.3 (March 1984), pp. 135–139, ISSN 0105-1873

Vol.55, No.2 (August 2006), pp. 73-76, ISSN 0105-1873

Vol.64, No.3 (March 2007), pp. 191-195, ISSN 1351-0711.

2004), pp. 155–156, ISSN 0105-1873

2011), pp. 327-337, ISSN 0954-7894

pp. 341–345, ISSN 0105-1873

ISSN 0271-3586

ISSN 0022-202X

(March 1984), pp. 174–177, ISSN 0105-1873

1421-9832.

0105-1873

among Swiss suppliers. *Dermatology,* Vol.193, No.1 (January 1996), pp. 33-35, ISSN

follow up. *Contact Dermatitis,* Vol.55, No.5 (November 2006), pp. 286–290, ISSN


Epidemiology of Contact Dermatitis 19

Saint-Mezard P, Rosieres A, Krasteva M, Berard F, Dubois B, Kaiserlian D et al. Allergic

Schafer T, Bohler E, Ruhdorfer S, Weigl L, Wessner D, Filipiak B, et al (2001). Epidemiology

Schnuch A, Uter W, Geier J, Frosch PJ, Rustemeyer TH (1998). Contact allergies in health

Seidenari S, Giusti F, Pepe P, Mantovani L (2005). Contact sensitization in 1094 children

Smit HA, Van Rijssen A, Vandenbroucke J, Coenraads PJ. (1994) Susceptibility to and

Sosted H, Hesse U, Menne T, Andersen KE, Johansen JD (2005). Contact dermatitis to hair

Svedman C, Ekqvist S, Möller H, Bjork J, Gruvberger B, Holmstrom E, Bruze M (2007).

Thyssen JP, Linneberg A, Menné T, Johansen JD (2007). The epidemiology of contact allergy

Thyssen JP, Linneberg A, Menne T, Nielsen NH, Johansen JD (2009). The prevalence and

Thyssen JP, Johansen JD, Linneberg A, Menné T (2010). The epidemiology of hand eczema

Thyssen JP, Johansen JD, Menné T, Nielsen NH, Linneberg A (2010). Effect of tobacco

Uter W, Rämsch C, Aberer W, Ayala F, Balato A, Beliauskiene A, et al (2009). The European

Uveges RE, Grimwood RE, Slawsky LD, Marks JG Jr (1995) Epidemiology of hand

Weston W L, Weston J A, Kinoshita J, Kloepfer S, Carreon L, Toth S, Bullard D, Harper K,

*Dermatol,* Vol.161, No.1 (July 2009), pp. 95-101, ISSN 0007-0963

(January-February 2005), pp. 1–5, On-line ISSN 1525-1470.

Vol.153, No.1 (july 2005), pp. 132-135, ISSN 0007-0963

*No.5 (November 2007); pp.* 287-99, ISSN 0105-1873

*No.2 (February 2010), pp.* 75-87, ISSN 0105-1873

(July 2009), pp. 31-38, ISSN 0105-1873

pp. 284-295, ISSN 1167-1122

pp. 338–343, ISSN 0105-1873

ISSN 0001-5555

ISSN 0026-4075

ISSN 0105-4538

ISSN 0365-8341.

contact dermatitis (2004). *Eur J Dermatol,* Vol.14, No.5 (September-October 2004),

of contact allergy in adults. *Allergy,* Vol.56, No.12 (December 2001), pp. 1192–1196,

care workers. *Acta derm Venereol Stockh,* Vol.78, No.5 (September 1998), pp. 358-363,

undergoing patch testing over a 7-year period. *Pediatr Dermatol*, Vol.22, No.1

incidence of hand dermatitis in a cohort of apprentice hairdressers and nurses. *Scand J Work Environ Health,* Vol.20, No.2 (April 1994), pp. 113-121, ISSN 0355-3140

dyes in a Danish adult population: an interview-based study. *Br J Dermatol,* 

Unexpected sensitization routes and general frequency of contact allergies in an elderly stented Swedish population. *Contact Dermatitis,* Vol.56, No.6 (June 2007),

in the general population - prevalence and main findings. *Contact Dermatitis, Vol.57,* 

morbidity of sensitization to fragrance mix I in the general population. *Br J* 

in the general population - prevalence and main findings. *Contact Dermatitis, Vol.62,* 

smoking and alcohol consumption on the prevalence of nickel sensitization and contact sensitization. *Acta Derm Venereol*, Vol.90, No.1 (January 2010), pp. 27-33,

baseline series in 10 European Countries, 2005/2006 - results of the European Surveillance System on Contact Allergies (ESSCA). *Contact Dermatitis,* Vol.61, No.1

dermatitis in dental personnel. *Mil* Med, Vol.160, No.7 (July 1995), pp. 335-338,

Martinez S (1986). Prevalence of positive epicutaneous tests among infants,


Nedorost ST, Stevens SR. Diagnosis and treatment of allergic skin disorders in the elderly.

Nielsen NH, Linneberg A, Menné T, Madsen F, Frolund L, Dirksen A, et al (2001a) Allergic

Nielsen NH, Linneberg A, Menné T, Madsen F, Frolund L, Dirksen A, et al (2001b).

Nielsen N H, Linneberg A, Menné T, Madsen F, Frølund L, Dirksen A, et al (2002b).

Nielsen N H, Menne T (1992). Allergic contact sensitization in an unselected Danish

Ortengren U, Andreasson H, Karlsson S, Meding B, Barregard L (1999). Prevalence of self-

Peltonen L (1979). Nickel sensitivity in the general population. *Contact Dermatitis,* Vol.5,

Prakash AV, Davis MD (2010) Contact dermatitis in older adults: a review of the literature.

Robinson MK. Population differences in skin structure and physiology and the susceptibility

Rockl H, Muller E, Hiltermann W (1966). On the prognostic value of positive skin tests in

Ruff CA, Belsito DV (2006). The impact of various patient factors on contact allergy to nickel,

Rui F, Bovenzi M, Prodi A, Fortina AB, Romano I, Peserico A, et al (2010). Nickel, cobalt and

(January-February 2001), pp. 31-4, ISSN 0001-5555

No.6 (November 1992), pp. 456–460, ISSN 0001-5555

No.1 (January 1979), pp. 27–32, ISSN 0105-1873

229X.

ISSN 0105-1873

0909-8836

0561.

ISSN 0105-1873

0190-9622

419, ISSN 0300-8614

2010), pp. 225-231, ISSN 0105-1873

2002), pp. 487–492, ISSN 0007-0963

Drugs. *Drugs Aging,* 2001 Vol.18, No.11 (December 2001), pp. 827-835, ISSN 1170-

contact sensitization in an adult Danish population: two cross-sectional surveys eight years apart (the Copenhagen Allergy Study). *Acta Derm Venereol,* Vol.81, No.1

Persistence of contact allergy among Danish adults: an 8-year follow-up study. *Contact Dermatitis,* Vol.45, No.6 (December 2001), pp. 350-353, ISSN 0105-1873 Nielsen N H, Linneberg A, Menne T, Madsen F, Frølund L, Dirksen A, Jørgensen T (2002a).

The association between contact allergy and hand eczema in 2 cross-sectional surveys 8 years apart. *Contact Dermatitis,* Vol.47, No.2 (August 2002), pp. 71–77,

Incidence of allergic contact sensitization in Danish adults between 1990 and 1998; the Copenhagen Allergy Study, Denmark. *Br J Dermatol,* Vol.147, No.3 (September

population. The Glostrup Allergy Study, Denmark. *Acta Derm Venereol,* Vol.72,

reported hand eczema and skin symptoms associated with dental materials among Swedish dentists. *Eur J Oral Sci,* Vol.107, No.6 (December 1999), pp. 496–505, ISSN

*Am J Clin Dermatol,* 2010 Vol.11, No.6 (December 2010), pp. 373-381, ISSN: 1175-

to irritant and allergic contact dermatitis: implications for skin safety testing and risk assessment (1999). *Contact Dermatitis,* Vol.41, No.2 (August 1999), pp. 65-79,

infants and children. *Arch Klin Exp Dermatol,* Vol.226, No.4 (October 1966), pp. 407–

cobalt, and chromate. *J Am Acad Dermatol,* Vol.55, No.1 (July 1966), pp. 32-39, ISSN

chromate sensitization and occupation. *Contact Dermatitis,* Vol.62, No.4 (April


**Part 2** 

**Pathogenesis** 

children, and adolescents. *Pediatrics,* Vol.78, No.6 (December 1986), pp. 1070–1074, ISSN 0031-4005

Yngveson M, Svensson A, Johannisson A, Isacsson A (2000). Hand dermatosis in upper secondary school pupils: 2-year comparison and follow-up. *Br J Dermatol,* Vol.142, No.3 (March 2000), pp. 485–489, ISSN 0007-0963
