**4. Conclusion**

Many biomarkers have now been identified for the diagnostic and prognostic evaluation of acute and chronic diseases of the kidney in children. However, more evidence-based studies are still required to validate some of the novel biomarkers. Remarkably, a biomarker-panel comprising several of the markers potentially improves their sensitivity and specificity in disease evaluation. Inequities in the availability and accessibility of the laboratory tools between the developed and developing world still remain a challenge. Biotechnology firms should urgently prioritize the mass production of tools for identifying these biomarkers in order to bridge this gap.
