Contents

### **Preface XII**



Chapter 8 **Principles of Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment (PSHA) and Site Effect Evaluation and Its Application for the Volcanic Environment in El Salvador 119** Walter Salazar

Chapter 17 **EQ-grid: A Multiaxial Seismic Retrofitting System for Masonry**

Contents **VII**

Stefania Rizzo and Lothar Stempniewski

**Buildings 301**

Chapter 9 **An Estimation of "Energy" Magnitude Associated with a Possible Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere Electromagnetic Coupling Before the Wenchuan MS8.0 Earthquake 147** Mei Li, Wenxin Kong, Chong Yue, Shu Song, Chen Yu, Tao Xie and Xian Lu


### Chapter 17 **EQ-grid: A Multiaxial Seismic Retrofitting System for Masonry Buildings 301**

Stefania Rizzo and Lothar Stempniewski

Chapter 8 **Principles of Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment (PSHA)**

Chapter 9 **An Estimation of "Energy" Magnitude Associated with a**

Chapter 10 **Finite Element Models of Elastic Earthquake Deformation 169** Sui Tung, Timothy Masterlark and Daniel Sai Huen Lo

**Empirical Green's Spatial Derivative Method 191**

Chapter 11 **Simulation of Broadband Strong Motion Based on the**

Chapter 12 **Structural Seismic Input Model on the Condition of**

**Section 3 Buildings and Constructions under Earthquakes 227**

**Flow Occurring after Earthquake 229**

**Structure and Surface Structure 249**

Daigoro Isobe and Seizo Tanaka

Chapter 15 **Tunnel Vaults under Seismic Excitation 271** Roberto Guidotti and Alberto Castellani

Chapter 13 **Damage Estimation of a Steel-Framed Building under Tsunami**

Chapter 14 **Structure-Soil-Structure Interaction between Underground**

Chapter 16 **Use of Polyethylene Terephthalate Fibers for Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Frame Made of Low-Grade**

**Environment in El Salvador 119**

Walter Salazar

**VI** Contents

Xian Lu

Michihiro Ohori

**Slope Site 205**

Huai-feng Wang

**Aggregate 285**

Comingstarful Marthong

Li Jianbo and Liu Weihong

**and Site Effect Evaluation and Its Application for the Volcanic**

**Possible Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere Electromagnetic Coupling Before the Wenchuan MS8.0 Earthquake 147** Mei Li, Wenxin Kong, Chong Yue, Shu Song, Chen Yu, Tao Xie and

Preface

dams, buildings, and others.

people without homes and threatening their lives.

not mean that the other areas are safe.

Earthquakes are the major geological hazards, which pose serious threat to the human pop‐ ulation and various infrastructures such as highways, rail routes, and civil structures like

The idea that earthquakes could occur is frightening people in every area prone to such phe‐ nomena. That is because the effects of earthquakes can be devastating, leaving thousands of

Earthquakes often occur together with other natural disasters such as landslides, volcanoes, and tsunamis. Earthquakes play a role of triggering mechanism of landslides and tsunamis. Mountainous and coastal areas are the regions mostly affected by earthquakes, but that does

When an earthquake occurs in mountainous and coastal areas, the risks of a landslide grow tremendously. Ground shaking allows water to rapidly infiltrate between ground layers and make these layers slide on one another. Ground shaking also causes widespread rock falls. Earthquakes cause huge damage in the world and kill many people each year. In order to understand this phenomenon better and eventually protect ourselves from its destructive

Depending on the location and type of human activity, the earthquake effect could be less‐

Geological risk is a relatively new and not fully explored concept. There are many defini‐ tions of geological risk. And often scientific study or scientific approach to the problem be‐ gins with a presentation of the author's position and the choice of the definition of geological risk for the problem under consideration. One of the most common approaches defines that risk is the expectation of the damage, or risk is the product of the probability of

It is the responsibility of the local governments to establish rules meant to reduce the effects of eventual earthquakes. Land-use regulations and policies are required in areas that are

Apocalyptic images of earthquakes should make local governments pay more attention to the forecasting of such natural phenomena. It is important for a local government to know which areas are prone to earthquakes and take appropriate measures in order to reduce vul‐

action, people should be aware of how earthquakes arise and how they act.

ened. People should know hazard zones and avoid activities in such areas.

possible hazardous events on the damage produced by it.

prone to earthquakes.

nerability to such hazards.

For systematic analysis of earthquake hazards, it is fruitful to use the notion of risk.
