**5. Conclusion**

A pioneer in developing these identification systems is primarily EyeDentify, which designed and manufactured the EyeDentify 7.5 EyeDentificationSystem (see **Figure 23**) and its latest

Others are *Retinal Technologies*, known since 2004 as Retica Systems, but details of their system

The company *TPI* (Trans Pacific Int.) has recently offered an ICAM 2001-like sensor, but there

At the end of this subchapter, we devote our attention to our own construction of an interesting and nonexistent device that can be used both in the field of biometric systems and in the field of ophthalmology. This device is a fully automatic non-mydriatic fundus camera. Many years ago, we started with a simple device (see **Figure 24** on the left), but over time, we came to the third generation of the device (see **Figure 24** on the right). We are now working on the fourth generation of this device that will be fully automatic. The original concept was focused only on the retina (a direct view in the optical axis of the eye), then we arrived (second generation) to retrieve the retina and the iris of the eye in one device, while the third and fourth generations are again focused only on the retina of the eye. The

**Figure 24.** A non-mydriatic fundus camera of our own development—first generation on the left, second generation in

ICAM 2001 model, which was designed in 2001.

is no longer any information available.

the middle, and third generation on the right.

**Figure 23.** EyeDentify 7.5 EyeDentificationSystem [31].

are not known.

32 Machine Learning and Biometrics

This chapter describes biometric identification based on the internal organs of the eye, retina, and iris. These methods are very accurate and used in areas with the highest safety requirements. The features to identify the eye are very unique in each individual, and the likelihood of finding two of the exact same identifiers is much smaller than, for example, a fingerprint.

While iris recognition devices are relatively well known just for their seamlessness and relatively good user-friendliness, it is not so for the retina. Currently, there is no device for eye retina recognition. All the devices sold so far have not been successful mainly because of their relatively poor user-friendly interface. This method is used more where there is a high demand toward the deception of the sensors; a relatively complicated retinal scanning process guarantees a certain degree of safety against the replication of a retinal specimen.
