8. Conclusion

59.33333

Enter the height of a man in cm 178 1. The length of the outspread arms is equal to the height of a man 178 2. From the hairline to the bottom of the chin is 1/10 of the height of a man 17.8 3. From below the chin to the top of the head is 1/8 of the height of a man 22.25 4. From above the chest to the top of the head is 1/6 of the height of a man 29.66667 5. From above the chest to the hairline is 1/7 of the height of a man 25.42857 6. The maximum width of the shoulders is ¼ of the height of a man 44.5 7. From the breasts to the top of the head is ¼ of the height of a man 44.5 8. The distance from the elbow to the tip of the hand is ¼ of the height of a man 44.5 9. The distance from the elbow to the armpit is 1/8 of the height of a man 22.25 10. The length of the hand is 1/10 of the height of a man 22.25 11. The root of the penis is at 1/2 the height of a man 89 12. The foot is 1/6 of the height of a man 29.666 13. From below the foot to below the knee is ¼ of the height of a man 44.5 14. From below the knee to the root of the penis is ¼ of the height of a man 44.5 15. The distances from the below the chin to the nose and the eyebrows and the hairline are equal to the ears

Table 3. Proportions and heights as suggested by Vitruvian man model and reflect in Figure 12.

Figure 12. Bauentwurfslehre by Ernst Neufert [14] with heights reflected in centimeters with a base number M16 = 6.1305.

and to 1/3 of the face

132 Machine Learning and Biometrics

The goal of this chapter was to enable a multimedia modeler to model a human body using the golden ratio. Hence, the research uncovers 35 measures based on golden ratio introduced by Bauentwurfslehre by Ernst Neufert (1936) and Vitruvian Man (The Man in Action) by Leonardo da Vinci. The 67 measurements are: feet bottom to navel, navel to top of head, feet bottom to knee bottom line, knee bottom line to navel, navel to pit of throat & elbow to tip of the shoulder, pit of throat to top of head, bottom of feet to begin of calves, from calves to bottom line of knee, bottom line of knee to mid thighs (beginning of finger tips), mid thighs (beginning of finger tips) to navel, navel to middle of chest, middle of chest to pit of throat, pit of throat to point between the eyes, point between the eyes to top of head, bottom of foot to ankle, ankle to beginning of calves, beginning of knees to end of knees, top of knees to tip of hand fingers (hand toward earth), hand tip of fingers to hand rest, hand rest to elbow and navel to man gentiles, navel to beginning of chest (abdomen), beginning of chest to middle of chest, throat pit to below nose, blow nose to top of eyebrows, top of eyebrows to hair line, hair line to top of head, from throat pit to Adam's apple, Adam's apple to below the nose, the length of the face = M25 + M26 + M29, width of the face = length of face/1.618, left tip of eyebrow to the right tip of eyebrow = M25 � 1.618, from tip of eyebrow to between the eyes = 2 � M25/1.618, width of shoulders 1/4 of height of a man, foot is 1/6 of the height of a man. The measurements are based on 25 proportional rules derived from 15 proportions given by Vitruvian Man and 29 golden proportions in Bauentwurfslehre by Ernst Neufert.

First, the chapter explained the golden section (mathematically, geometrically, arithmetically), then further demonstrated the golden ratio with phi. Furthermore, the chapter discussed Vitruvian Man (The Man in Action) by Leonardo da Vinci. Furthermore, explained Bauentwurfslehre by Ernst Neufert. The chapter, then, proposed how to build a human model using the ratios explained and proposed two algorithms that a modeler can follow to build a human body. The algorithms output can be used as proportions and an integral part of design and beauty of nature, to achieve beauty, balance, and harmony, thereby presenting visual parity serving guideline to human body modelers in simulation, gaming, plastic surgery, as well as the world of biometrics or wherever human body measurements and calculations is needed like prosthetic limbs, spatial design, and machine learning of human biometrics. As such, the chapter facilitated and explained for the human modeler, the process of human modeling in multimedia arena. Hence, this research will be a spring board for researchers and practitioners in human modeling in multimedia field.

[11] Summerson J. Heavenly Mansions: And Other Essays on Architecture. New York: W.W

A Human Body Mathematical Model Biometric Using Golden Ratio: A New Algorithm

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76113

135

[12] Taylor P. The Art of Bridging the Gap. From The New Zealand Herald. May 30, 2009. http:// www.nzherald.co.nz/auckland-region/news/article.cfm?l\_id = 117&objectid = 10575355.

[13] Wolfram. Golden Ratio, Mathworld (n.d.): http://mathworld.wolfram.com/GoldenRatio.

[14] Word Press Files. Retrieved December 28, 2011. http://thefunambulistdotnet.files.wordpress.

[15] Hambidge J. Dynamic Symmetry: The Greek Vase. New Haven: Yale University Press; 1920 [16] Abu-Taieh E. An algorithm for human modeling in information technology multimedia using human biometrics found in golden ratio, vitruvian man and neufert. In: 2015 Fifth International Conference on e-Learning (ECONF); 2015; Manama, pp. 65–73. DOI: 10.1109/ ECONF.2015.43.http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=7478214&

[17] Abu-Taieh E, El-Maheed M, El-Maheed M, Abu-Tayeh A, Abu-Tayeh J, El-Haj A. Human modeling in information technology multimedia using human biometrics found in golden ratio, Vitruvian man and Neufert. In: Proceedings IBIMA Conference: Innovation Vision

[18] Golden ratio in art composition and design, Gary Meisner. 2014. https://www.goldennumber.

[19] Gary Meisner. Meisner beauty guide for golden ratio facial analysis. March 21, 2016. https://www.goldennumber.net/meisner-beauty-guide-golden-ratio-facial-analysis/ [20] Neufert E. Architects' Data. Blackwell Science. 1936. http://www.vgloop.com/\_files/1403617

[21] Markowsky, George. Misconceptions about the golden ratio. College Mathematics Jour-

Norton; 1963. p. 37

Retrieved May 1, 2012

com/2012/04/nnj-abb5.gif

isnumber=7478193

229-311131.pdf

2020, Spain. 2012. pp. 858–869

nal. January 1992;23(1):2-19

net/art-composition-design/. Retrieved January 25, 2018

html 9/
