**Author details**

**Funding**

Class Class

II Gradual

III Tolerant

IV Symptomatic Severe mitral regurgitation

asymptomatic mitral regurgitation [Severe]

progressive mitral regurgitation

interpretation

I At potential risk of mitral valve regurgitation development

Authors disclose no external funding sources.

AHA American Heart Association

ACC American College of Cardiology

**of patients with primary mitral regurgitations.**

\*Valve prolapse [mild] but with adequate coaptation

\*Valvular thickening accompanied with restriction of both

\*Valve prolapse [severe] but with an adequate leaflet coaptation \*Loss of leaflet coaptation probably cause by [rheumatic

\*previous infective endocarditis

Same as the above with an addition of leaflets thickening with radiation heart disease

leaflet

valve]

Anatomy Valvular

**AppendixA. American Heart Association (AHA) and the American College of Cardiology (ACC) guidelines for the clinical management** 

hemodynamics

Absence of any visible regurgitant jets with Doppler and little vena contracta of 0.3 cm

\*Evident regurgitant jets <50%, vena contracta of <0.7 cm, with an effective regurgitant orifice of <0.40 cm2

angiographic grade between 1 and 2+

Same as the above but with an increase in: angiographic grade

3–4+

Same as the above Same as the above Pulmonary

and an

Resultant consequence Symptoms

None

None

None

Decreased exercise tolerance, Exertional dyspnea

Nonexistent and uneventful

Adequate pulmonary pressure with a mild left atrial enlargement and normal left ventricle

Possible pulmonary hypertension, with a moderate to severe left atrial and ventricular enlargement

hypertension is evidently present with a moderate to severe left atrial and ventricular enlargement

geometry.

**List of abbreviated words**

50 Structural Insufficiency Anomalies in Cardiac Valves

LAM left atrial myxoma

Iroegbu Chukwuemeka Daniel<sup>1</sup> , Zhongxin Zhou1 \*, Zhang Hao1 and Jindong Liu1,2

\*Address all correspondence to: 100000105023@xzhmu.edu.cn

1 Department of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, PR China

2 Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
