**7. Future directions**

The development of biventricular or LVAD devices with transcutaneous energy sources ("TETs") will eliminate driveline infections [95]. However, this remains the "holy grail" for developers of mechanical circulatory support devices [96, 97]. Magnetically levitated pumps help reduce the rates of reoperation (and attendant complications like infection) [7]. Changes in size and materials involved in these devices can also reduce risk of thrombosis and enable easier explanation and reimplantation should complications arise [98]. Minimally invasive procedures such as offpump implantation and alternative implant sites may also lead to reduced infection risk [99].
