Contents



Chapter 5 **Local Patterns for Face Recognition 91** Chih-Wei Lin

Chapter 6 **Face Recognition Based on Texture Descriptors 111** Jesus Olivares-Mercado, Karina Toscano-Medina, Gabriel Sanchez-Perez, Mariko Nakano Miyatake, Hector Perez-Meana and Luis Carlos Castro-Madrid

Preface

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a field experiencing constant growth and change, with a long history. The challenge to reproduce human behavior in machines requires the interaction of many fields, from engineering to mathematics, from neurology to biology, from computer science to robotics, from web search to social networks, from machine learning to game theo‐ ry, etc. Numerous applications and possibilities of AI are already a reality but other ones are needed to reduce the human limitations and to expand the human capability to limits beyond our imagination. This book brings together researchers working on areas related to AI such as face and speech recognition, representation of learning and acoustic scenarios, fuzzy infer‐ ence and data exploration, cellular automata applications with a special interest in the tools and algorithms that can be applied in these different branches of the AI discipline. The book

provides a new reference to an audience interested in the development of this field.

The first three sections of the book present different algorithms and models with a variety of applications in speech and face recognition and also in learning and acoustic scenarios. In Chapter 1, Alim and Rashid explain some extraction techniques used for speech identification and recognition. In Chapter 2, Passricha and Aggarwal discuss an acoustic model based on convolutional neural networks to decode raw speech signals. In Chapter 3, Llorca et al. evalu‐ ate the subjective impact of immersive acoustic features in the representation of urban envi‐ ronments. In Chapter 4, Morales-Martínez et al. present tools of cognitive science to improve adaptive e-learning systems. In Chapter 5, Lin discusses local pattern descriptors for face rec‐ ognition. The last chapter of this section, Chapter 6 by Olivares-Mercado et al., analyzes the performance of different texture descriptor algorithms for face feature extraction tasks.

The last two sections of the book present some investigations in fuzzy inference and data exploration and also different cellular automata applications. In Chapter 7, Miyajima et al. study the improvement of different fuzzy methods for pattern classification. In Chapter 8, Patel and Singh propose a query reformulation method for a relevant data exploration. In Chapter 9, Dascalu discusses algorithms and architectures of cellular automata used as ran‐ dom number generators. In the last chapter, Chapter 10, Vielhaber studies the randomness

As the editor of this book, I would like to thank all the authors who have contributed to this volume as well as the reviewers for their assessment. Also, I must express my gratitude to the IntechOpen Editorial Staff for their invitation to be editor for a third time, and Author Service Managers (ASM) Mr. Markus Mattila and Ms. Ljerka Bilan, who were both of partic‐ ular help in realizing this new IntechOpen book. Finally, at this moment where life is a sweet time flow, I want to dedicate this book to my very good friend Enrique Lozano Corbi, recently retired from his position as Professor of Roman Law after forty-four years working at the University of Zaragoza. Of course, all my family from Villafranca, Navarra, Spain,

and all my friends and advisors are not forgotten in this dedicatory final paragraph.

**Ricardo López-Ruiz**

University of Zaragoza, Spain

in cellular automata evolving under asynchronous clocking schemes.

