**6. Conclusion and way forward**

High temperatures reduce global crop productivity by limiting either through growth limit and grain set or grain filling, and can also affect the end-use quality of the grain by reducing its compositions. Thus, temperatures during flowering time are very common in the photosensitive genotypes or in crops growing in the arid and semi-arid regions of the world, where extreme heat is more frequent with the climate change. Breeders should consider and devise tools for flowering time heat tolerance screening which direct link to productivity of a crop. Tolerance to heat is difficult to assess in the field due to variation in the timing and severity of natural heat events; so, rapid and cost-effective screening tools should be in place for applied crop breeding. All the growing food crops are selected upon short duration and better yield in small piece of land through domestication; therefore, there is a long way to go in understanding the mechanisms and its dissections before we draw a truly comprehensive picture of heat tolerance breeding for food crops. At the same time, these type of research is essential to counteracting a future where climate change may lead to moderate-to-severe reduction in crop yield in tropical and subtropical regions by the end of this century. Finally, farmers and breeders are blamed for these development-oriented research activities which are not always true as connecting lab evidences to farmers' field still is undermanaged in agricultural systems, especially in public not in private sector (champions of seed systems). A day or two scientific and political conferences will never bring long-term comprehensive solution for climate-smart agriculture but building a strong global research network consortium is highly need of the century that would be a potential seed of the future climate-smart agricultural strategies to capture crop diversity including native food and fodder crops such as millets and grain legumes.
