Preface

**Section 6 GPS, GNSS and GLONASS 117**

**VI** Contents

**Storm Scales 143**

Korkut Yegin

Chapter 6 **GNSSs, Signals, and Receivers 119**

**Section 7 Navigation System – Principles and Functions 141**

Takuya Kawabata and Yoshinori Shoji

**Section 8 Satellite Navigation System Advances 163**

Chapter 8 **Antennas and Front-End in GNSS 165**

**Section 9 GPS in Monitoring Operation 183**

Mohamed Tamazin, Malek Karaim and Aboelmagd Noureldin

Chapter 7 **Applications of GNSS Slant Path Delay Data on Meteorology at**

Chapter 9 **Ionosphere Variability in Low and Mid-Latitudes of India Using**

**GPS-TEC Estimates from 2002 to 2016 185**

Sridevi Jade and Shrungeshwara T.S.

Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite constellation expanded for the use of naviga‐ tion, positioning of the objects on Earth or outer space, and timing. There is a wide range of applications of the use of GPS within the above framework, e.g., land surveying, cartogra‐ phy/geodesy/mapping, land transportation, telecommunications, scientific research activi‐ ties, and many others.

This book addresses the general aspects of GPS applications with a reflection of the funda‐ mental bases of the technology structure, segments, and elements. It has been demonstrated that satellite systems use orbits for this purpose, and the facilities of receivers for gathering and collection of required data.

There is no doubt that it is always challenging to provide detailed classification of informa‐ tion using advanced methods and technologies to embrace expectations in processing. In this book the use of computer neural networks with the integration of GPS data is demon‐ strated for ionosphere modeling. This has been performed by applying GPS technology to study the ionosphere based on the development of artificial neural networks.

An assessment of GPS Total Electron Content (TEC) covers the spatial equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) region with two solar cycles. It reflects ionosphere variability in space, time, and geographical location. It has been presented by different phases of the solar cycle, EIA, and annual, daily, diurnal, and seasonal variability of the ionosphere in the Northern Hemi‐ sphere. This book demonstrates comprehensive research into high and random variability of TEC associated with the changes in solar activity, intensity of the sun's radiation, zenith an‐ gle at which they impinge Earth's atmosphere, equatorial electrojet, and plasma flow.

One more aspect of GPS is the successful selection and application of appropriate software utilization. This depends on what kind of task and data need to be solved and collected for expected outcomes within conducted measurements. It is a vital option and a subject of GPS technology, which has been studied and undertaken in this book.

The book estimates the error originating at the receiver due to multiple paths taken by the satellite transmitted radiofrequency (RF) signal. It is a very important subject in urban areas, and is the major error among other GPS error sources taking place at the receiver. It has been calculated as a multipath error using code range, carrier phase range, and carrier frequencies. The proposed algorithm considers the random nature of the multipath error and avoids com‐ plex calculations involved in the error calculations. Based on such an approach a valuable aid in precise navigation, surveying, and ground-based geodetic studies has been achieved.

This book also presents review materials dedicated to the Global Navigation Satellite Sys‐ tem (GNSS) with a description of its structure control, space, and use elements. In the mean‐

time, other existing facilities for navigation purposes such as the Russian GLONASS, its signal characteristics, and described modernization program are demonstrated.

Obviously, the vital option of GNSS and the main segment of the system is the antenna needed to achieve low-height, low-cost, and relatively good narrowband performance. It is presented as a ceramic antenna patch that meets indicated requirements. The book provides an analysis of a considered antenna system with existing counterparts. There is one more option related to the appropriate software application during data processing. Also present‐ ed are front-end architectures from a traditional super-heterodyne to zero/low-intermediate frequency configuration.

The most serious reasons affecting the accuracy of GNSS are also discussed. It is obvious that the circumstance of signal error needs to be undertaken and avoided for the achieve‐ ment of a high quality of measurement. It drives the need to define and point out the nature of segments negatively facilitating the resulting information.

The methods RAM and advanced receiver autonomous integrity monitoring have been ap‐ plied to land applications for detection and exclusion of faults and to achieve an alarm system in case of unsafe object positioning. An integrity monitoring system is used, which is general‐ ly employed in aviation. This book demonstrates integrity monitoring for land applications.

It is desirable to use facilities with a multipurposeful task. There is an effort to use GNSS for Earth study, which has a vital place when used for remote sensing with the development of geographical information system (GIS). Attempts have been demonstrated to use GNSS to monitor Earth's physical parameters, such as sea wind speed, sea surface height, sea ice, and soil moisture with application of GNSS Reflectometry (GNSS-R).

There is one more application of GNSS presented in this book. It has been demonstrated that GNSS can fix the signals from thunderstorms or rainfalls. The approach of weather predic‐ tion with the use of vapor distribution data collected by GNSS has a significant place in the forecasting of rainfall.

In the meantime, I am pleased to note that it was a pleasure to work with colleagues from around the word who achieved all expectations during the publication stages of this book.

I would like to express my personal gratitude to the book co-editor and editor assistant for kind support and encouragement in all aspects of book development.

It is an honor to take the opportunity to thank personally to Mr. Julian Virag, Publishing Process Manager—Author Acquisitions, for exceptional endorsement and support at all stages of book publication.

> **Assoc. Prof. Dr. Rustam B. Rustamov** Freelance expert on space science and technology Azerbaijan

**Section 1**

**Navigation System – Advances of Software**

**Application**

**Navigation System – Advances of Software Application**

time, other existing facilities for navigation purposes such as the Russian GLONASS, its

Obviously, the vital option of GNSS and the main segment of the system is the antenna needed to achieve low-height, low-cost, and relatively good narrowband performance. It is presented as a ceramic antenna patch that meets indicated requirements. The book provides an analysis of a considered antenna system with existing counterparts. There is one more option related to the appropriate software application during data processing. Also present‐ ed are front-end architectures from a traditional super-heterodyne to zero/low-intermediate

The most serious reasons affecting the accuracy of GNSS are also discussed. It is obvious that the circumstance of signal error needs to be undertaken and avoided for the achieve‐ ment of a high quality of measurement. It drives the need to define and point out the nature

The methods RAM and advanced receiver autonomous integrity monitoring have been ap‐ plied to land applications for detection and exclusion of faults and to achieve an alarm system in case of unsafe object positioning. An integrity monitoring system is used, which is general‐ ly employed in aviation. This book demonstrates integrity monitoring for land applications. It is desirable to use facilities with a multipurposeful task. There is an effort to use GNSS for Earth study, which has a vital place when used for remote sensing with the development of geographical information system (GIS). Attempts have been demonstrated to use GNSS to monitor Earth's physical parameters, such as sea wind speed, sea surface height, sea ice, and

There is one more application of GNSS presented in this book. It has been demonstrated that GNSS can fix the signals from thunderstorms or rainfalls. The approach of weather predic‐ tion with the use of vapor distribution data collected by GNSS has a significant place in the

In the meantime, I am pleased to note that it was a pleasure to work with colleagues from around the word who achieved all expectations during the publication stages of this book. I would like to express my personal gratitude to the book co-editor and editor assistant for

It is an honor to take the opportunity to thank personally to Mr. Julian Virag, Publishing Process Manager—Author Acquisitions, for exceptional endorsement and support at all

**Assoc. Prof. Dr. Rustam B. Rustamov**

Azerbaijan

Freelance expert on space science and technology

signal characteristics, and described modernization program are demonstrated.

of segments negatively facilitating the resulting information.

soil moisture with application of GNSS Reflectometry (GNSS-R).

kind support and encouragement in all aspects of book development.

frequency configuration.

VIII Preface

forecasting of rainfall.

stages of book publication.

**Chapter 1**

Provisional chapter

**Review on Sparse-Based Multipath Estimation and**

Review on Sparse-Based Multipath Estimation and

**in Software GPS Receivers**

Software GPS Receivers

Ganapathy Arul Elango, B. Senthil Kumar,

Ganapathy Arul Elango, B. Senthil Kumar,

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76521

Abstract

Ch.V.M.S.N. Pavan Kumar and C. Venkatramanan

Ch.V.M.S.N. Pavan Kumar and C. Venkatramanan

**Mitigation: Intense Solution to Counteract the Effects**

Mitigation: Intense Solution to Counteract the Effects in

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.76521

Multipath is the major concern in GPS receivers that fade the actual GPS signal causes positioning error up to 10 m so special care need to be taken to mitigate the multipath effects. Numerous methods like hardware based antenna arrays technique, receiver based narrow correlator receiver, double -delta discriminator, Adaptive Multipath Estimator, Wavelet Transformation and Particle filter, Kalman filter based post receiver methods etc. used to resolve the problem. But some of the methods can only reduce code multipath error but not effective in eliminating carrier multipath error. Most of these techniques are based on the assumption that the Line-of-Sight (LOS) signal is stronger than the Non-Line of-Sight (NLOS) signals. However, in the scenarios where the LOS signal is weaker than the composite multipath signal, this approach may result in a bias in code tracking. In this chapter, different types of multipath mitigation and its limitation are described. The recent development in sparse signal processing based blind channel estimation is investigated to compensate the multipath error. The Rayleigh and Rician fading model with different multipath parameters are simulated to test the urban scenario. The inverse problem of finding the GPS signal is addressed based on the deconvolution approach. To solve linear inverse problems, the suitable kind of appropriate objective function has been formulated to find the signal of interest. By exploiting this methods, the signal is observed and the

carrier and code tracking loop parameters are computed with minimal error. Keywords: GPS, multipath, Rayleigh, Rician, sparse, de-convolution, ISTA

> © 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and eproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Provisional chapter
