1. Introduction

Adsorption is the conventional chemical engineering process which is applied in many industries, including oil refineries, petrochemicals, and water and wastewater treatment. Adsorption is an effective separation strategy for the rejection of a wide range of contaminants,

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and eproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

including wastewaters, radioactive waste streams, and separation of radionuclides, but it is not so favorable for the elimination of anions like boron, perchlorates, and nitrates. Adsorption processes would be upgraded by integrating with supplementary processes to obtain hybrid processes with higher removal efficiency [1–5].

Osmosis is a physical technique that has been widely examined by researchers in different branches of science and engineering. Early researchers considered osmosis through naturally occurring materials, and from the mid of the nineteenth century, extraordinary consideration has been given to osmosis through manufactured materials. Following the advance in reverse osmosis over the most recent couple of decades, particularly for forward osmosis applications, the interests in different engineering purposes of osmosis had been impelled. Osmosis, or as it is at present alluded to as forward osmosis, has modern applications in wastewater treatment, sustenance preparing, and seawater/saline water desalination. Other one of a kind of regions of forward osmosis look into incorporate pressure retarding osmosis for era of power from saline and unused water and implantable osmotic pumps for controlled medication discharge [6–8].
