Preface

Chapter 8 **The Role of Bacteria on the Breakdown of Recalcitrant Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) Compounds in**

Chapter 9 **Distributed Control Systems for a Wastewater Treatment Plant: Architectures and Advanced Control Solutions 153**

Chapter 10 **State-of-the-Art Design Technique of a Single-Channel Pump**

Chapter 11 **Sustainable Sorbent Materials Obtained from Orange Peel as an Alternative for Water Treatment 201**

Irma Robles Gutierrez, Ana K. Tovar and Luis A. Godínez

Dan Selișteanu, Ion Marian Popescu, Emil Petre, Monica Roman,

Spar Mathews and Patricia Sithebe

Dorin Șendrescu and Bogdan Popa

**for Wastewater Treatment 183** Jin-Hyuk Kim and Young-Seok Choi

**Wastewater 139**

**VI** Contents

Protection of water sources has been a major problem for human beings since the industrial revolution. Water demand is also increasing day by day by the increasing population and industrial production. Increasing needs cause increasing water pollution. Briefly, we have to protect our planet not only as a source of water, but also because it is the habitat for many living species.

In this book, necessary theoretical knowledge and experimental results on water and water pollution are given. Its 11 chapters provide a wide variety of topics. Elgammal and Ibrahim discuss the recent drifts in pH-sensitive reverse osmosis membranes for water reuse in their chapter. Parallel to the increasing importance of membrane processes, Nomngongo discuss‐ es the membrane process usage potential on wastewater treatment. Kiril Mert, Aydiner, Do‐ gan, and Goral present the efficient removal of micropollutants from wastewater by membrane bioreactors. Camcıoglu and Ozyurt investigate the applications of combined electrocoagulation and electro-oxidation treatment to industrial wastewater. Samir, Ajeel, and Chelliapan evaluate the treatment of textile wastewater using a novel electrocoagulation reactor design in their study. Lopez-Maldonado and Oropeza-Guzman's chapter offers an innovative study on coagulation/flocculation processes using biopolyelectrolytes for water reuse. Popescu, Popa, Sendrescu, Roman, Petre, and Selisteanu discuss distributed control systems for a wastewater treatment plant and also give case study results on advanced con‐ trol solutions. Kim and Choi present a new design technique for a single-channel pump for wastewater treatment in their study. Mathews and Sithebe evaluate the role of bacteria on the breakdown of recalcitrant polychlorinated biphenyl compounds in wastewater. Han, Qiao, and Wu show an intelligent modeling approach to the prediction of effluent quality of wastewater treatment processes in their chapter. Sustainable sorbent materials obtained from orange peel as an agricultural waste and alternative sorbents for water treatment are presented by Robles, Tovar, and Godinez.

I would like to give my special thanks to Ms. Ivana Glavic for great support during the pub‐ lishing of this book. I want to thank my mother, wife, and children for their support throughout my life.

> **Assoc. Prof. Dr. Taner Yonar** Engineering Faculty Environmental Engineering Department Uludag University Bursa, Turkey

**Chapter 1**

Provisional chapter

**Recent Drifts in pH-Sensitive Reverse Osmosis**

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.75897

Preparation of some smart PAm-ZTS pH-responsive membranes, via reactions between ZTS and PAm under different conditions, was conducted for testing pressure-driven reverse osmosis membranes (PDROMs) in active rejection of Ce4+, Pr3+, Sm3+, Gd3+, Dy3+, and Ho3+ ionic lanthanide species in their 3<sup>+</sup> and 4+ states. Recent theoretical models to designate the membrane operations were mathematically itemized, after selective characterization of the PDROMs. The pH scale response of the membrane was confirmed using static adsorption and hydraulic pervasion result estimations. The flux across the PAm-ZTS membrane decreased with the lowering pH value, with drastic decreases between pH 4 and 7, and was both reversible and durable with pH shifts between ~3 and ~8. At lower pH 3, the individual pores were in a closed-state due to the prolonged structure of the amide chains on the porous surfaces. In contrast, at pH 8, the higher pH value, the membrane pores were in an open-state format, because of the collapsed structures of the amide chains. This grants a clear possible approach for manufacturing some pHresponsive composite membranes and inspires further design for their stimuli-responsive actions by incorporating molecularly designed macromolecules, synthesized by controlled

Keywords: pH-responsive membranes, preparation, characterization, morphology, zeta

Adsorption is the conventional chemical engineering process which is applied in many industries, including oil refineries, petrochemicals, and water and wastewater treatment. Adsorption is an effective separation strategy for the rejection of a wide range of contaminants,

> © 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and eproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Recent Drifts in pH-Sensitive Reverse Osmosis

Gehan Mohamed Ibrahim and Belal El-Gammal

Gehan Mohamed Ibrahim and Belal El-Gammal

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.75897

Abstract

polymerization.

1. Introduction

potential, lanthanides, modeling

#### **Recent Drifts in pH-Sensitive Reverse Osmosis** Recent Drifts in pH-Sensitive Reverse Osmosis

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.75897

Gehan Mohamed Ibrahim and Belal El-Gammal Gehan Mohamed Ibrahim and Belal El-Gammal

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.75897

#### Abstract

Preparation of some smart PAm-ZTS pH-responsive membranes, via reactions between ZTS and PAm under different conditions, was conducted for testing pressure-driven reverse osmosis membranes (PDROMs) in active rejection of Ce4+, Pr3+, Sm3+, Gd3+, Dy3+, and Ho3+ ionic lanthanide species in their 3<sup>+</sup> and 4+ states. Recent theoretical models to designate the membrane operations were mathematically itemized, after selective characterization of the PDROMs. The pH scale response of the membrane was confirmed using static adsorption and hydraulic pervasion result estimations. The flux across the PAm-ZTS membrane decreased with the lowering pH value, with drastic decreases between pH 4 and 7, and was both reversible and durable with pH shifts between ~3 and ~8. At lower pH 3, the individual pores were in a closed-state due to the prolonged structure of the amide chains on the porous surfaces. In contrast, at pH 8, the higher pH value, the membrane pores were in an open-state format, because of the collapsed structures of the amide chains. This grants a clear possible approach for manufacturing some pHresponsive composite membranes and inspires further design for their stimuli-responsive actions by incorporating molecularly designed macromolecules, synthesized by controlled polymerization.

Keywords: pH-responsive membranes, preparation, characterization, morphology, zeta potential, lanthanides, modeling
