2.1. Antibiotics

In recent years, global consumption and the use of antibiotics increase to >30% [18]. Antibiotics are generally treated as pseudo-persistent compound because of its continuous introduction in environment. The existence and release of antibiotics are inclined to be of specific concern since


a NSAIDs, Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

b CAFOs, concentrated animal feeding operations.

Table 1. Sources of micropollutants in the aquatic environment.

they are designed to kill and inhibit the growth of microorganism; thus, they will hinder the activity of beneficial microbes in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) operation and involved in their removal. Moreover, for constant exposure to antibiotics, microbial community stay in wastewater improves resistant mechanism more readily than the rest of another microbial world. The presence of numerous antibiotic compounds was identified in untreated wastewater in both aqueous and solid phases. Overall, occurrence and persistence of antibiotics in water bodies increase concern; almost 90% of antibiotics consumed by human body were discharged via urine and feces [19].
