2. Terpenes

Natural products are a good source of anti-inflammatory compounds [7]. Terpenes, containing a C5 isoprene unit, are the large group of natural compounds found mostly in higher plants, but also in lower invertebrates. There are approximately more than 50,000 terpenes that have been isolated from different plant species. Terpenes, composed of isoprene units (C5H8), play a variety of vital roles in plant species, including growth and development and defense against herbivores and environmental stress [8]. Terpenes possess a great variety of biological activities as antimicrobial, against cancer, malaria, and anti-inflammatory effects in acute and chronic inflammatory conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and osteoarthritis [9, 10].

Cyperus rotundus, a perennial plant, has several pharmacological activities, including antibacterial [11], antimutagenic [12], and anti-inflammatory [13]. Isocyperol, a sesquiterpene isolated from the rhizomes of C. rotundus, inhibited the production of NO and PGE2, decreased the levels pro-inflammatory interleukins (IL-1β and IL-6) and the monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), and suppressed the gene expression of iNOS and COX-2 in RAW-264

murine macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In addition, isocyperol reduced the serum levels of NO, PGE2, and IL-6 in LPS-induced septic shock in mice, via suppression of the NF-кB and STAT3 signaling pathways [14]. Dodonaea viscosa induces gastroprotective [15], antibacterial [16], analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activities [17, 18]. Hawtriwaic acid, an ent-clerodane diterpene, was isolated from D. viscosa and showed antiinflammatory activity on the murine ear edema induced with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13 acetate (TPA) by one or multiple applications. In both models, the compound diminished the edema [19]. Hawtriwaic acid at doses of 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg decreased knee inflammation in a murine model of monoarthritis induced with kaolin/carrageenan, by the reduction of serum levels of the pro-inflammatory interleukins Il-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, and the increase in the serum levels of the anti-inflammatory interleukin IL-10 [20]. Ursolic acid, a pentacyclic triterpene found in many plant species, was identified for the first time in 1920 in the epicuticular waxes of apples. Ursolic acid exerts cytotoxic effects in various cancer cells by the inhibition of the STAT3 signaling pathway [21] and the induction of apoptosis [22]. Ursolic acid has protective effects on lung, kidney, liver, and brain, exerts anabolic effects on skeletal muscle [23], and induces antinociceptive activity in abdominal constriction test induced by acetic acid and the formalin test in mice [24]. Ursolic acid decreased the paw edema induced with carrageenan in rats [25], decreased the ear edema induced with Croton oil in mice [26], reduced the levels of iNOS, COX-2, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, and increased the level of IL-10 in macrophages stimulated with LPS [27].

diabetes, obesity, stroke, and cancer [1, 2]. The symptomatology of inflammation is characterized by pain, redness, swelling, heat, and loss of function. Depending on the time of duration, inflammation might be categorized into acute and chronic. Acute inflammation is considered as a protective response and occurs within minutes, hours, or few days after exposure to infections and/or tissue damage. Acute inflammation is characterized by the exudation of fluid (edema), elevated blood flow, and migration of neutrophils [3]. Chronic inflammation occurs when the initial response fails to repair tissue damaged or when a noxious stimulus is persistent, and is characterized with more tissue destruction, fibrosis, long presence of lymphocytes [4]. Macrophages, dendritic cells, and mast cells initiate the inflammatory process secreting pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin 8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and inducing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which play an important role in the modulation of inflammation [5]. The long-term use of current drugs for the treatment of inflammation, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), the disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), and steroids display several undesirable side effects such as gastric ulcers, nephrotoxicity, and hepatotoxicity, among others [6]. The search of new anti-inflammatory agents with less side effects is highly desirable. Furthermore, the efficient treatment of inflammation may be an interesting and effective way to prevent chronic diseases like

Natural products are a good source of anti-inflammatory compounds [7]. Terpenes, containing a C5 isoprene unit, are the large group of natural compounds found mostly in higher plants, but also in lower invertebrates. There are approximately more than 50,000 terpenes that have been isolated from different plant species. Terpenes, composed of isoprene units (C5H8), play a variety of vital roles in plant species, including growth and development and defense against herbivores and environmental stress [8]. Terpenes possess a great variety of biological activities as antimicrobial, against cancer, malaria, and anti-inflammatory effects in acute and chronic inflammatory conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and osteoarthritis

Cyperus rotundus, a perennial plant, has several pharmacological activities, including antibacterial [11], antimutagenic [12], and anti-inflammatory [13]. Isocyperol, a sesquiterpene isolated from the rhizomes of C. rotundus, inhibited the production of NO and PGE2, decreased the levels pro-inflammatory interleukins (IL-1β and IL-6) and the monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), and suppressed the gene expression of iNOS and COX-2 in RAW-264

cancer.

[9, 10].

2. Terpenes

60 Terpenes and Terpenoids

The sesquiterpenes, vernomelitensin and onopordopicrin, isolated from Onopordum illyricum and the triterpene, Sootepin F, obtained from Gardenia sootepensis, decreased each NFκB activity with IC50 values of 3.6, 8.6, and 20.3 μM, respectively [28, 29].

The pro-inflammatory enzymes: (1) inducible the nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which is involved in the nitric oxide (NO) production, and the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) involved in the prostaglandin production, are estimated in LPS-induced macrophages to evaluate the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity. IL-1 and TNF-α stimulate the production of NO. The inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) for these two pro-inflammatory enzymes has only been reported in some studies. The sesquiterpenes hydroxycostunolide (IC50 = 0.68 μM), costunolide (IC50 0.3 μM), and artemorin (IC50 = 0.16 μM), obtained from Inula montana, showed similar or higher potency in the inhibition of NO, compared to that reported for the positive control dexamethasone (IC50 = 0.45–4.33 μM) [30]. Further studies are recommended to be performed with theses sesquiterpenes. Toxicological studies to guarantee their safety in long-term studies are also necessary. The in vivo studies evaluate swelling, redness, and pain mainly in rodents.

In the table is show the structure of 62 sesquiterpenes, 34 diterpenes, and 22 triterpenes with anti-inflammatory activity, isolated from 44 plant species, 1 sponge, and 2 corals.


Elephantopus

1) 2)

2,4-bis-O-Methyl-8-

O-methacryloyl-elephanpane

4-O-Ethyl-8-O-methacryloyl-

3) elephanpane

4)

2,5-Epoxy-2β-hydroxy-4αmethoxy-8α-(2-methylpropenoyloxy)-10(14),11(13)-

germacratrien-12,6α-olide

5)

2-O-Demethyltomenphantopin

 C

> 6)

7) 8)

Molephantin

 B

Terpenes from Natural Products with Potential Anti-Inflammatory Activity

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.73215

63

Molephantin

 A

Tomenphantopin

 C

8-O-Methacryloylelephanpane

> mollis Kunth.

 Terpene

Structure

Anti-inflammatory

LPS-stimulated

macrophages.

 RAW 264.7

 assay

 Results The compounds

NO production following IC50 values (μM):

1 (2.09), 2 (2.18), 3 (4.06), 4 (4.82),

5 (14.34), 6 (59.97), 7 (0.57),

8 (2.17), 9 (2.02), 10 (1.95), 11 (11.25), 12 (1.09) 13 (1.21),

14 (6.95), and the positive

control

indomethacin

 (127.88).

 inhibited the

[34]

 with the


Sesquiterpenes

Datura metel L.

1) 11-triol

2) 1α,5 α,7 α 11- Guaiene-2

α,3β,4α,10α,13-pentaol

Nardostachys

Nardosinanone

 N

> chinensis Batal.

Chloranthus

Hemsl.

 henryi

Shizukaol B

LPS-stimulated

cells.

 BV2 microglia

The compound

suppressed

dependent manner the protein

expression of iNOS and COX2,

and decreased the production

NO, TNF-α, and IL-1β.

 of

 in

concentration-

 (12.5–50 μM)

[33]

1β,5α,7β-Guaiane-4β,10α,

 Terpene

Structure

Anti-inflammatory

LPS-stimulated

cells.

 BV2 microglia

The compounds 1 and 2, tested

at a each, inhibited the NO

production

respectively.

LPS-stimulated

macrophages.

 RAW 246.7

The compound inhibited the protein expression

of iNOS and COX-2.

 tested at 30 μM

[32]

 by 37.5 and 46.0%,

concentration

 of 80 μM,

[31]

62 Terpenes and Terpenoids

 assay

 Results

 Terpene

3) 4)

Smenospongia

1) 2)

Smenohaimien

 B

Smenohaimien

 A

LPS-stimulated

cells.

 BV2 microglial

The compounds production 1 (IC50 30.13 μM),

2 (IC50 28.33 μM), 3 (IC50 24.37 μM), 4 (IC50 24.44 μM), and positive control l-NMMA

(22.1 μM).

Terpenes from Natural Products with Potential Anti-Inflammatory Activity

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65

 inhibited NO

[36]

cerebriformis

Duchassaing

Michelotti.

3)

Smenohaimien

 E

 &

Chololactone

 H

Chololactone

 G

Structure

Anti-inflammatory

 assay

 Results

Terpenes from Natural Products with Potential Anti-Inflammatory Activity http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.73215

Scientific name

 Terpene

9) phantomolin 10)

deethoxy-8-

phantomolin-8-

11) 12) 13) 14) 2, 5-Epoxy-

2β-hydroxy-4α-

methoxy-8α-[(E)-2-methylbut-2-

enoyloxy] -4(15), 10(14), 11(13)-

germacratrien-12,6α-olide

Chloranthus

1) 2)

Chololactone

 F

Chololactone

 E

LPS-stimulated

macrophages.

 RAW 264.7

All compounds

production

values: 1 (8.5), 2 (6.9), 3 (3.5),

4 (4.4), and positive control

dexamethasone

 (0.45).

 with IC50 (μM)

 reduced NO

[35]

holostegius (Hand-

Mazz) S. J. Pei &

Shan.

Molephantin

Isodeoxyelephantopi

Scabertopin

O-tiglinate

O-deacyl-

2β-Methoxy-2-

2β-Methoxy-2-de-ethoxy-

Structure

Anti-inflammatory

 assay

 Results

Ref.

64 Terpenes and Terpenoids

65

Chloranthus

Chlorajaponol

 B

> japonicus Siebold.

Neurolaena lobata

1) 2) 3) 4) Lobatin B

5)

Onopordum

Vernomelitensin

Anti-NF-κB

evaluated in the NIH-3 T3-KBF-

Luc cell line. The antiSTAT3 activity was

analyzed in

cell line. The activation of the Nrf2 pathway was analyzed in the

HaCaT-ARE-Luc

The protein

 cell line. concentration

 in the 67

HeLa-STAT3-luc

 activity was

Vernomelitensin

activity of NF-κB (IC50 3.6 μM), STAT3 (IC50 27.9 μM), and Nrf2

(IC50 1.1 μM) Onopordopicrin

activity of NF-κB (IC50 8.6 μM), STAT3 (IC50 15.3 μM), and Nrf2

(IC50 2.2 μM).

 decreased the

 decreased the

[28]

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.73215

Terpenes from Natural Products with Potential Anti-Inflammatory Activity

illyricum L.

9α-Hydroxy-8βisovalerianyloxycalyculatolide

Neurolenin

 D

Neurolenin

 C

Neurolenin

 B

LPS-stimulated

 monocytes.

 The compounds 1–5 are potent

inhibitors of TNF-α 1 (IC50 2.32 μM), 2 and 3 (IC50 1.10 μM), 4 (IC50 0.17 μM), and

5 (IC50 1.30 μM).

production

[39]

(L.) Cass.

 Terpene

Structure

Anti-inflammatory

LPS-stimulated

macrophages.

 RAW 264.7

 assay

 Results The compound NO production

 decreased the

[38]

 (IC50 9.56 μM).


 Terpene

4) Inula montana L. 1)

Artemorin

> 2)

3)

Ainsliaea

Zaluzanin C

LPS-stimulated

macrophages.

 RAW 264.7

The compound reduced the NO production with similar potency, compared

to the positive control amino

guanidine (IC50 7.30 μM).

 (IC50 6.54 μM)

[37]

yunnanensis

Franch.

9β-Hydroxycostunolide

Costunolide

LPS-stimulated

macrophages.

 RAW 264.7

The compounds

NO production following IC50 values (μM): 1 (0.16), 2 (0.3), 3 (0.68), and

the positive control

dexamethasone

 (4.33).

 inhibited the

[30]

 with the

Ilimaquinone

Structure

Anti-inflammatory

 assay

 Results

Ref.

66 Terpenes and Terpenoids

 Terpene

6)

Artemisia

1)

Austroyunnane

 B

LPS-stimulated

macrophages.

 RAW 264.7

The compounds

NO production following IC50 values (μM):

1 (4.20), 2 (10.67), 3 (5.10), 4 (8.77), 5 (4.21), 6 (2.57), and the

positive control L-NMMA

(24.95).

 inhibited the

[42]

 with the

austroyunnanensis

Y. Ling & Y. R.

Ling.

2) 3) 4)

Artecaninhydrate

Austroyunnane

 D

Terpenes from Natural Products with Potential Anti-Inflammatory Activity

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.73215

69

Austroyunnane

 C

Parvigemone

Structure

Anti-inflammatory

 assay

 Results


 Terpene Onopordopicrin

Lychnophora

Goyazensolide

Carrageenan-induced

edema assay.

 paw

Goyazensolide

orally) reduced

induced paw edema assay in the

second hour from the assay. This

sesquiterpene

similar effect to

 lactone presented

indomethacin.

 (10 mg/kg

[40]

carrageenan-

passerina (Mart ex

DC) Gardner.

Lindera

1) 2) 3) 4) 5)

Menelloide

 C

Linderolide

 R

Linderolide

 Q

Linderolide

 P

Linderolide

 O

LPS-stimulated

macrophages.

 RAW 264.7

The compounds

NO production following IC50 values (μM): 1 (6.3), 2 (9.6), 3 (14.6), 4 (12.8),

5 (15.4), 6 (9), and the positive control amino guanidine (18.4).

 inhibited the

[41]

 with the

strychnifolia (Sieb.

& Zucc.) Fern

Vill.

Structure

Anti-inflammatory

cell extracts were measured by the Bradford method (BioRad).

 assay

 Results

Ref.

68 Terpenes and Terpenoids

Pulicaria undulata

1β,4β-Dihydroxy-5αH,7αH,8α-

LPS-stimulated

macrophages.

 RAW 264.7

The compound NO production

7.2 μM.

 inhibited the

[44]

Terpenes from Natural Products with Potential Anti-Inflammatory Activity

 with IC50

guaia-10(14),11(13)-

dien-8α,12-olide

(L.) C.A. Mey.

Diterpenes

Thuja orientalis L.

15-nor-14-Oxolabda-8(17),13(16)-

LPS-stimulated

macrophages.

 RAW 264.7

The compound expression of iNOS and COX-2

(IC50 1: 3.56 μM). Curcumin was

used as a positive control.

71

 reduced the

[45]

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.73215

dien-19-oic

 acid

 Terpene

Structure

Anti-inflammatory

 assay

 Results

Terpenes from Natural Products with Potential Anti-Inflammatory Activity http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.73215 71

Scientific name

 Terpene

5) 3αen-12,6α-olide

6)

> Curcuma wenyujin

1)

7α,11-Epoxy-6αmethoxy-carabrane-4,8-dione

LPS-stimulated

macrophages.

 RAW 264.7

The compounds

NO production following IC50 values (μM): 1 (47.05), 2 (25.36), 3 (30.62), 4 (59.97), 5 (34.69), 6 (24.18), 7 (14.50), 8 (22.36), 9 (17.26),

and the positive control

hydrocortisone

 (64.34).

 inhibited the

[43]

 with the

Y. H. Chen & C.

Ling.

2) oxo-6-carabren

3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9)

4-Epicurcumol

Isocurcumol

Curdionolide

 B

Neocurdione

Curcumenone

Hydroxyisogermafurenolide

Isogermafurenolid

8,11-Epidioxy-8-hydroxy-4-

15,16-Reynosin

Chloro-4β,10α-dihydroxy-1β,2β-epoxy-5α,7αH-guai-11(13)-

Structure

Anti-inflammatory

 assay

 Results

Ref.

70 Terpenes and Terpenoids


Croton

1) 2) 3) Plaunol E

Plaunolide

Plaunotol

stellatopilosus H.

Ohba.

Dodonaea viscosa

Hawtriwaic

 acid

Kaolin/carrageenan-induced

After 10 days of treatment with

[20]

different doses of hawtriwaic acid (5, 10, 20 mg/kg) decreased

knee 40–70%.

Hawtriwaic

the levels of cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and

TNF-α.

The compound exhibited

[52]

Terpenes from Natural Products with Potential Anti-Inflammatory Activity

moderate inhibition of

superoxide

with an IC50 value of 21.5 μM.

Each compound, 100 μM, decreased the

expression of iNOS and COX-2

by 20.5% and 22.5%,

respectively.

73

 tested at

[53]

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.73215

LPS-stimulated

cells.

 BV2 microglia

 anion generation

Measurement

anion generation.

 of superoxide

 acid decreased proinflammatory

inflammation

 in a range of

monoarthritis

Ear edema induced with TPA.

 model.

Jacq.

Callicarpa

Randainins

 D

randaiensis

Hayata.

Siegesbeckia

1) Methyl kauran-19-oate

ent-16αH-17-Hydroxy-

pubescens

(Makino) Makino.

2) Kirenol

 Terpene

Structure

Anti-inflammatory

LPS-stimulated

macrophages.

 RAW 264.7

 assay

 Results Plaunotol, plaunolide and

plaunol E showed IC50 values of

3.41, 17.09, and 2.79 μM,

respectively.

suppressed

iNOS gene. Plaunolide

decreased the expression of the

COX-1, COX-2 and iNOS genes.

Plaunol E inhibited the

expression of the COX-2.

 expression of the

 Plaunotol

Ref.

[51]


Pseudopterogorgia

Pseudopterane

acerosa Pallas.

Aconitum

14-

O-Acetylneoline

laciniatum

Stapf.

Aconitum

Acanthoic acid

LPS-stimulated

peritoneal

Ear edema in mice induced by

TPA.

macrophages.

 RAW 264.7

The compound decreased the levels of IL-1β, IL-

18, TNF-α, and IFN-γ. Decreased ear edema (0.5 μg/

ear), and

used as the positive control

(0.5 μg/ear). Inhibition (IC50 4.52 μg/mL) of

[49]

superoxide

human neutrophils.

 anion generation by

Measurement

anion generation.

 of superoxide

indomethacin

 was

 (10 μM)

[48]

koreanum Hedychium

7β-Hydroxycalcaratarin

 A

> coronarium J.

Koening.

Physalis angulata

1) 2)

Physangulatoside

 F

Physangulatoside

 A

LPS-stimulated

macrophages.

 RAW 264.7

Compounds

inhibitory effects against NO

production

15.9 μM and 60.7 μM,

respectively.

 with IC50 values of

 displayed

[50]

L.

Rapaics.

(Brühl)

 Terpene

Structure

Anti-inflammatory

LPS-stimulated

macrophages.

 peritoneal

 assay

 Results This compound inhibited the expression and

secretion of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β,

NO, IP-10, COX-2 iNOS and

monocyte

protein-1

(IC50 = 12.25).

TNBS-induced

mice.

 colitis model in

At doses 10, 20 and 50 μg/

[47]

mouse showed significant protection against different

parameters

inflammation.

 of colitis

chemoattractant

 (25 μM)

[46]

72 Terpenes and Terpenoids

Ref.

#### Terpenes from Natural Products with Potential Anti-Inflammatory Activity http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.73215 73


Caesalpinia

1) 2)

Pulcherrimin

 D

Pulcherrimin

 B

> pulcherrima (L.)

Sw.

Lobophytum

1) 2)

Lobocrasol

 B

Lobocrasol

 A

Were evaluated using NF-kB

Significantly

induced NF-kB

transcriptional

 inhibited TNF-α

[59]

luciferase and reverse

transcription

reaction (RT-PCR).

LPS-stimulated

cells.

 BV-2 microglial

The compound NO production

 inhibited the

[60]

 (IC50 = 73.7 μM).

 polymerase

 chain

activity in HepG2 cells in a

dose-dependent,

values of 6.30 and 6.63 μM.

 with IC50

crassum von Merenzeller.

Euphorbia

Jatrophane

> helioscopia L.

Erythrophleum

Erythroivorensin

The model in chicken.

carrageenan

 paw edema

The compound orally) showed anti-

inflammatory

activity compared to diclofenac

(100 mg/Kg).

 effect with similar

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.73215

75

 (300 mg/kg

[61]

Terpenes from Natural Products with Potential Anti-Inflammatory Activity

ivorense A. Chev.

 Terpene

Structure

Anti-inflammatory

Evaluated via the oxidative burst assay using a luminol-

amplified technique.

chemiluminescence

 assay

 Results The compounds

production

species with IC50 values of

15.30 μM and 8 μM,

respectively.

 of reactive oxygen

 inhibited the

[58]


Leonurus japonicus

Hispanone

Houtt.

Cephalotaxus

1) 2)

Gongshanolide

Lanceolatins

 C

LPS-stimulated

macrophages.

 RAW 264.7

The compounds

NO production of 10.79 μM and 12.73 μM,

respectively.

.

 decreased the

[55]

 with IC50 values

lanceolata K.M.

Feng.

Ocimum labiatum

Labda-8(17),12E,14-triene-2R,18-

Cytometric

technique. The effect on

phytohemagglutinin

induced nitric oxide (NO)

production

mononuclear

also assessed. LPS-stimulated

macrophages.

 RAW 264.7

The compounds

NO production following IC50 values (μM):

1 (9.8), 2 (7.9), and 3 (9.3).

 inhibited the

[57]

 with the

 cells (PBMCs) was

 in peripheral blood

 (PHA)-

 bead array (CBA)

The compound

25 μg/ml inhibited the

production

cytokines IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, and

IL-17A. The compound decreased the NO production

with IC50 value of 70 μM.

 of

pro-inflammatory

 tested at

[56]

(N.E. Br.) A.J.

diol

Paton.

Cunninghamia

1) 2) Hinokiol

3)

12-Hydroxy-6,7-

secoabieta-8,11,13-triene-6,7-dial

Konishone

konishii Hayata.

 Terpene

Structure

Anti-inflammatory

Inhibition of superoxide generation and elastase release.

 anion

The compound

superoxide

IC50 = 8.48 μM.

 anion with

 decreased the

[54]

74 Terpenes and Terpenoids

 assay

 Results

Ref.

Terpenes from Natural Products with Potential Anti-Inflammatory Activity http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.73215 75


Triterpenes

Anopyxis klaineana

1) 21-oic acid 2) Methyl angolensate

3,23-Dioxotirucalla-7,24-dien-

Pierre (Engl.). Bursera copallifera

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)

Euonymus

1)

3α-Acetoxy-28-hydroxy-30-

LPS-stimulated

cells.

 BV-2 microglial

The compounds

NO production (μM): 1 (5.99) and 2 (8.47).

 inhibited the

[67]

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77

Terpenes from Natural Products with Potential Anti-Inflammatory Activity

 with IC50 values

norlupane-18(19)-en-20-one

2) oic acid

3α-Hydroxylup-20(29)-en-30-

carnosus Hemsl.

α-Amyrin

3-Epilupeol

Lupenone

3-Epilupeol

 acetate

α-Amyrin acetate

3-Epilupeol

 formiate

TPA-induced

mice, and

264.7

macrophages.

 ear edema in

The

anti-inflammatory

 effect

[66]

LPS-stimulated

 RAW

(1 mg/ear) on ear edema

induced by TPA were:

1) 55.14%, 2) 62.12%, 3) 49.35%,

4) 57.25%, 5) 66.39, and 6) 25%.

The compounds

NO production (μM): 1 (43.31), 2 (22.57),

3 (31.13), 4 (20.8), 5 (15.5), and

6 (8.98).

 inhibited the

 with IC50 values

(DC.) Bullock.

 Terpene

Structure

Anti-inflammatory

The PGE2 assay method,

sequential competitive

immunoassay

 with RAW 264.7.

 enzyme

The IC50 values were 3.63 μM

[65]

and 10.23 μM for compounds

1 and 2,

was used as reference standard.

respectively.

 Cortisone

 assay

 Results


Crinipellis species. 1)

Crinipellin

2) 3) 4)

> Salvia divinorum

Salvinorin A

Calcium peritoneal carrageenan-induced

rats.

 pleurisy in

macrophages,

 and in

ionophore-stimulated

Inhibited the production

leukotrienes.

induced pleurisy in rats,

Salvinorin A inhibited LTB4

inflammatory

with reducing the phlogistic

process in the lung.

 exudates, along

significantly

production

 in the

 In

carrageenan-

 of

[63]

Epling & Játiva. Casearia sylvestris

1) 2) Casearin B

Caseargrewiin

 F

Carrageenan-induced

edema.

 paw

At doses 10 and 100 mg/kg

[64]

showed a significant reduction

of the edema in rats compared to

indomethacin.

carrageenan-induced

 paw

Sw.

Crinipellin

 H

Crinipellin

 G

Crinipellin

 F

 E

 Terpene

Structure

Anti-inflammatory

LPS/IFN-γ

promoter activity in transiently

transfected

cells.

 human MonoMac6

induced CXCL10

 assay

 Results Reduce the inducible expression

of LPS/IFN-γ MonoMac6

15, 1.5, 1.3, and 3.15 μM,

respectively).

 cells (IC50 values of

stimulated

 human

pro-inflammatory

 genes in

Ref.

[62]

76 Terpenes and Terpenoids

Terpenes from Natural Products with Potential Anti-Inflammatory Activity http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.73215 77


3. Conclusion

NF-

therapy.

Author details

México, México

References

Roberto José Serrano Vega

Cuauhtémoc Pérez González

Guanajuato, Guanajuato, GTO, México

contributing to Alzheimer

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out on the inhibition of NF-

This book chapter indicates that there has been an increase in the search of terpenes with antiinflammatory activity in recent years. This fact indicates that terpenes are a topic of interest. The possible mechanisms involved in the anti-inflammatory effects of the terpenes are pointing

κB is one of the current targets for the development of new anti-inflammatory drugs [71]. In addition, the molecular targets of terpenes are highly desirable to find target-specific antiinflammatory drugs. The mechanism of action of many terpenes remains to be studied. The combination of terpenes with high anti-inflammatory activity and with studied mechanism of action and currently used drugs could be another strategy for further anti-inflammatory

1

α, PGE2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6.

Terpenes from Natural Products with Potential Anti-Inflammatory Activity

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\*Address all correspondence to: msperez@correo.xoc.uam.mx

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, Julia Pérez Ramos

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2 Departamento de Farmacia, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de

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