**9. Verification of RLIB pack with EMS**

To consider a real severe case, the current draw of the pattern of electricity is imposed on the RLIB pack [41, 42]. As shown in **Figure 13**, the accuracy of simulation with RLIB analytical module is examined by comparing with the measured results. The simulation with assumed linear VOC yields the deviation from the measured voltage curve. Otherwise, the simulation accurately predicts the response of RLIB.

Simulation results regarding voltage drop of a single RLIB pack in 100(s) under random load current is compared with the other case of RLIB pack connected with UC and active controlled by EMS (**Figures 14** and **15**). Effect of active controlled by EMS represented in DoD is not obvious. However, the energy consumption estimated from I<sup>2</sup> \*IR at both cases is shown in **Figures 16** and **17**, and EMS decreases 26% heat loss of RLIB.

In the bench test, the first case of LiMnNiCoO<sup>2</sup> RLIB pack in **Figure 18** shows the comparison of DoD with/without EMS under constant c-rate discharging. RLIB in active control of duty cycle 60% (solid line) shows the more stable and limit DoD than a single RLIB pack (dash line). Through real-time simulation by monitoring DoD, we optimize the best control duty of 60%. Here, IR of the RLIB pack plays an essential role in the distribution of DoD. To examine the control strategy even further, LiFePO4 RLIB is utilized as the DoD results (**Figure 19**). The effectiveness of EMS (solid line) is realized in comparison with the cases without EMS (point line) and single LiFePO<sup>4</sup> RLIB (dash line). To consider the stable DoD distribution of RLIB by using

**Figure 13.** Comparison of simulation and measured results (upper: current; down: voltage) [41].

**Figure 17.** The energy consumption in the case of **Figure 15** (52 J).

**Figure 18.** Comparison of DoD in single LiMnNiCoO<sup>2</sup>

**Figure 19.** Comparison of DoD in single LiFePO<sup>4</sup>

enlargement of dotted line in upper).

RLIB pack and RLIB with/without control.

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RLIB pack and RLIB with different PWM duty (upper: original; down:

**Figure 14.** Voltage drop in simulation of 60 V single RLIB pack.

**Figure 15.** Voltage drop of 60 V RLIB pack which is in parallel connect with UC and active controlled by EMS.

**Figure 16.** The energy consumption in the case of **Figure 14** (70 J) calculated by simulation.

Reused Lithium-Ion Battery Applied in Water Treatment Plants http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76303 175

**Figure 17.** The energy consumption in the case of **Figure 15** (52 J).

**Figure 14.** Voltage drop in simulation of 60 V single RLIB pack.

174 Energy Systems and Environment

**Figure 15.** Voltage drop of 60 V RLIB pack which is in parallel connect with UC and active controlled by EMS.

**Figure 16.** The energy consumption in the case of **Figure 14** (70 J) calculated by simulation.

**Figure 18.** Comparison of DoD in single LiMnNiCoO<sup>2</sup> RLIB pack and RLIB with/without control.

**Figure 19.** Comparison of DoD in single LiFePO<sup>4</sup> RLIB pack and RLIB with different PWM duty (upper: original; down: enlargement of dotted line in upper).

an auxiliary physical battery, individual IR of experimental batteries is listed in **Table 3**. IR of LiFePO<sup>4</sup> RLIB at 65.75 mΩ is much higher than that at 9.81 mΩ of LiMnNiCoO<sup>2</sup> RLIB pack and 3 mΩ of auxiliary physical battery (UC) by excluding harness resistance and fixture resistance. The load current provided by the auxiliary physical battery depends on each IR in parallel connection relative to RLIB (i.e., the lower the IR of the auxiliary physical battery, the higher current it can share) [42]. Consequently, a simple circuit converterless EMS in this study shows potential in controlling power flow to avoid the intense loading of RLIB. In particular, EMS with auxiliary high-power battery can increase the life cycle of RLIB [42]. Mass production of EMS has its potential in large-scale application of WWTPs. As **Figure 8** shows, average DoD in lifespan is nonlinear, which indicates that LIB can earn useful energy if average DoD is limited [44–48]. The distribution of DoD is directly related to life cycle as the formulation [48]. We apply this formulation to roughly estimate the benefit of using RLIB with EMS in this study.

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