**4. Overview of the results of using of bio-modified asphalt**

#### **4.1. Predictable overall specifications**

Asphalt is a mixture of moderately molecular weight hydrocarbons, aliphatic, and aromatic hydrocarbons containing moderate amounts of sulfur, small amounts of oxygen and nitrogen, and other rare elements including transitional metals. The physical and chemical properties of asphalt are results of their chemical composition. Large changes in chemical composition may lead to changes in unexpected physical properties. Bio-binders are at best linked to performance, so important chemical changes may give a false test. There are many noticeable, tacit assumptions about asphalt to consider:


There are many other less obvious predictions:


#### **4.2. Aging**

In almost, all the road construction has been used modifiers in conventional bitumen binder. To decrease the demand for petroleum-based bitumen research is being done on bitumen extender as 100% replacement of bitumen. Additives are the resin, emulsions, crumb rubber, polymer and so on. Waste materials like waste cooking oil, waste engine oil and so on, may be

**Properties Used cooking oil values Unused cooking oil values**

) 0.9013 0.898

/s) 44.956 39.994

Acid value (mg KOH/gm) 4.03 0.3 Calorific value (J/gm) 39,658 — Saponification value (mg KOH/gm) 177.97 194 Peroxide value (meq/kg) 10 < 10

Dynamic viscosity (mpa.s) 40.519 35.920 Flash point (°C) 222–224 161–164 Moisture content (wt. %) 0.140 0.101

**Table 3.** Comparison between properties of unused oil and used cooking oil.

Asphalt is a mixture of moderately molecular weight hydrocarbons, aliphatic, and aromatic hydrocarbons containing moderate amounts of sulfur, small amounts of oxygen and nitrogen, and other rare elements including transitional metals. The physical and chemical properties of asphalt are results of their chemical composition. Large changes in chemical composition may lead to changes in unexpected physical properties. Bio-binders are at best linked to performance, so important chemical changes may give a false test. There are many noticeable,

**4. Overview of the results of using of bio-modified asphalt**

• Will have the characteristics of the expected adhesion to aggregates.

• Have predictable flow characteristics throughout construction.

the promising alternatives [47, 48].

Density (gm/cm3

10 Modified Asphalt

Kinematic viscosity (mm2

**4.1. Predictable overall specifications**

tacit assumptions about asphalt to consider:

• It is expected to have rheological properties.

• Has the expected coating behavior in the mixing plant.

• Expected aging characteristics.

Rolling thin film oven test (RTFO) and pressure aging vessel (PAV) may not sufficiently represent plant and field aging because an alternative binder may have significantly different aging characteristics. Start by identifying an aging index to compare with unmodified asphalt is suggested in experimental respects. RTFO It should be operated over a variety of times and temperatures to see if normal temperature correspondence is still present. The same is true for PAV. Use PAV at 60°C for excessive times and compare output performance with results in standard conditions.

#### **4.3. Rheological properties of bio-modified asphalt**

Bio-binder may it may completely break down or give suggestively different time-temperature relationships. A clear example is an alternative bond with a fine melting point. A binder with a melting point at 73°C may be well suited for use in heavy road traffic in the PG 64 environment, but the dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) test at a specific grade of 76°C will give inappropriate results.

#### **4.4. Strength properties and cracking**

While strength characteristics and cracking are precarious to pavement performance, they are controlled by the total and the gradient and the effect of the alternative binder properties is not easily expected. Unlike low-temperature characteristics, it may be necessary to reduce the mixture test to explain the effect of a new material on cracking and strength properties.

#### **4.5. Rutting performance at high-temperature**

As illustrious above, bio-binder may have a different shape to the master curve. They may also have varied stress tolerance. For more than a few reasons, the creep compliance is unrecoverable, Jnr, from the multiple creep and recovery creep (MSCR), is a better choice than the G \*/sin δ of the oscillating DSR to describe the performance of high-temperatures. MSCR is run at the expected high pavement temperature and therefore, does not depend on the time-overlay overlap. Jnr has been shown to be well correlated with the actual progressive performance of a larger group of substances from G \*/sin δ. Finally, stress tolerance is already a unit for MSCR testing. However, it would be practical to check the range of temperatures and pressures to look for unusual behavior that may affect progressive performance. The mixture test is also strongly recommended.

The chemistry of bio-oils is complex, similar to asphalt; thus, a complete chemical characterization is difficult or practically impossible. The complication of chemical characterization or analysis resulted from the attendance of high molecular weight of phenolic species [4]. In addition, the fragmented oligomeric products occur with different numbers of phenolic and carboxylic acids, and hydroxyl groups as well as aldehyde, alcohol, and ether purposes. Thus, phenolic species occur as different hydrogen-bonded aggregates, micelles, droplets, and gels.

Asphalt Modified with Biomaterials as Eco-Friendly and Sustainable Modifiers

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76832

13

In general, the mixing and compaction the temperature range for bio-oils may be lower than

• The flow characteristics, that is, the temperature and shear, of the biomedical biomaterials of the bio-oils differ from those of the asphalt, but when adding the polymer hosts, the

• Polymers should be carefully chosen because the temperature range of the bio-groups es-

• The high-temperature performance of biologically determined groups may not change significantly from sediment deposits. However, the low-temperature performance level may change significantly because of the high oxygen content in biomaterials compared to typi-

Significantly, The United States is working to create a biobased economy that generates energy from renewable organic matter rather than fossil fuels. Because of access to large amounts of vital sources such as triglycerides, proteins, starch, and other carbohydrates from various plant sources, there are interesting technical and economic forecasts for their use to produce vital bonding materials. At present, research on the application of bio-oils has focused on their use as bio-defense fuel to replace fossil fuels. Based on the findings of these surveys, the use

On the other hand, no research has yet been conducted on the feasibility of using bio-oils as an alternative to asphalt (replacing 100%) for use in the paving industry. As a result, there is a lack of data demonstrating the development of biomaterials from essential oils. Biomass boxes (artificial bonding materials) can be used in three different ways to reduce the demand

High construction costs, when combined with awareness regarding environmental stewardship have encouraged the use of waste and renewable resources in asphalt modification.

rheological properties of these modified biomarkers change dramatically.

tablished differs from the polymers used extensively in the asphalt industry.

**5.3. Comparison from viewpoints of environment, economy, and energy**

**5.2. Temperature of performance**

bitumen inhibitors at about 30–40°C.

cal asphalt volumes.

of bio-oils as asphalt metal is very promising.

for fossil-based asphalt compounds.

**6. Conclusion**

#### **4.6. Cracking in cold climates**

Cold climates tensile and crack the characteristics of a bio-binder may differ from conventional asphalt, so testing the bending beam rheometer (BBR) may not be sufficient. A fracture test such as a direct tensile test or asphalt cracking will provide information on low-temperature break characteristics. If there is a significant difference in expected temperatures, the fracture test results can still be used to re-evaluate the BBR results to simplify the test over the long term. One more caution, these still only characterize one single thermal cracker. May not adequately address fatigue at low-temperatures.

#### **4.7. Fatigue performance**

There is currently a no good way to characterize a binder for fatigue performance, although there are some talented tests in development. The G \* sin δ from DSR has been included in the superpave specification to control the shape of the main curve, and as mentioned above, it may or may not be suitable for a substance different from asphalt. There are differences in mixing tests that are related to fatigue performance, and at least today, this is the only correct position to handle fatigue performance.
