**5. Comparison between bio-modified asphalt binders and unmodified ones**

The temperature range of viscous behavior for bio-oils may be lower than the virgin asphalt rate, by about 30–40°C. The rheological properties of the original bio-binder differ from those of the asphalt, but the rheological properties of these modified biological bonds vary greatly when polymer rates are added. For the developed bio-binders the high-temperature performance grade may not vary significantly from that of the asphalt binders, nevertheless, the low-temperature performance grade may vary significantly [6].

#### **5.1. Structure of bio-oil compared with asphalt**

The chemical properties indicated that the amount of furfural and phenols were varying due to the different aging processes and intervals.

The chemistry of bio-oils is complex, similar to asphalt; thus, a complete chemical characterization is difficult or practically impossible. The complication of chemical characterization or analysis resulted from the attendance of high molecular weight of phenolic species [4]. In addition, the fragmented oligomeric products occur with different numbers of phenolic and carboxylic acids, and hydroxyl groups as well as aldehyde, alcohol, and ether purposes. Thus, phenolic species occur as different hydrogen-bonded aggregates, micelles, droplets, and gels.

#### **5.2. Temperature of performance**

unrecoverable, Jnr, from the multiple creep and recovery creep (MSCR), is a better choice than the G \*/sin δ of the oscillating DSR to describe the performance of high-temperatures. MSCR is run at the expected high pavement temperature and therefore, does not depend on the time-overlay overlap. Jnr has been shown to be well correlated with the actual progressive performance of a larger group of substances from G \*/sin δ. Finally, stress tolerance is already a unit for MSCR testing. However, it would be practical to check the range of temperatures and pressures to look for unusual behavior that may affect progressive performance. The

Cold climates tensile and crack the characteristics of a bio-binder may differ from conventional asphalt, so testing the bending beam rheometer (BBR) may not be sufficient. A fracture test such as a direct tensile test or asphalt cracking will provide information on low-temperature break characteristics. If there is a significant difference in expected temperatures, the fracture test results can still be used to re-evaluate the BBR results to simplify the test over the long term. One more caution, these still only characterize one single thermal cracker. May not

There is currently a no good way to characterize a binder for fatigue performance, although there are some talented tests in development. The G \* sin δ from DSR has been included in the superpave specification to control the shape of the main curve, and as mentioned above, it may or may not be suitable for a substance different from asphalt. There are differences in mixing tests that are related to fatigue performance, and at least today, this is the only correct

The temperature range of viscous behavior for bio-oils may be lower than the virgin asphalt rate, by about 30–40°C. The rheological properties of the original bio-binder differ from those of the asphalt, but the rheological properties of these modified biological bonds vary greatly when polymer rates are added. For the developed bio-binders the high-temperature performance grade may not vary significantly from that of the asphalt binders, nevertheless, the

The chemical properties indicated that the amount of furfural and phenols were varying due

**5. Comparison between bio-modified asphalt binders and** 

low-temperature performance grade may vary significantly [6].

**5.1. Structure of bio-oil compared with asphalt**

to the different aging processes and intervals.

mixture test is also strongly recommended.

adequately address fatigue at low-temperatures.

position to handle fatigue performance.

**4.6. Cracking in cold climates**

12 Modified Asphalt

**4.7. Fatigue performance**

**unmodified ones**

In general, the mixing and compaction the temperature range for bio-oils may be lower than bitumen inhibitors at about 30–40°C.


#### **5.3. Comparison from viewpoints of environment, economy, and energy**

Significantly, The United States is working to create a biobased economy that generates energy from renewable organic matter rather than fossil fuels. Because of access to large amounts of vital sources such as triglycerides, proteins, starch, and other carbohydrates from various plant sources, there are interesting technical and economic forecasts for their use to produce vital bonding materials. At present, research on the application of bio-oils has focused on their use as bio-defense fuel to replace fossil fuels. Based on the findings of these surveys, the use of bio-oils as asphalt metal is very promising.

On the other hand, no research has yet been conducted on the feasibility of using bio-oils as an alternative to asphalt (replacing 100%) for use in the paving industry. As a result, there is a lack of data demonstrating the development of biomaterials from essential oils. Biomass boxes (artificial bonding materials) can be used in three different ways to reduce the demand for fossil-based asphalt compounds.

### **6. Conclusion**

High construction costs, when combined with awareness regarding environmental stewardship have encouraged the use of waste and renewable resources in asphalt modification. Increased energy costs and strong global demand for oil have encouraged the development of alternative bonding materials to modify or replace asphalt bonding materials. The benefits of using alternative bonding materials are their ability to help conserve natural resources and reduce energy consumption while at the same time improving asphalt performance.

It will be a positive step in the direction of achieving mixture modified with bio-binder that

Asphalt Modified with Biomaterials as Eco-Friendly and Sustainable Modifiers

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76832

15

Asphalt Lab, Petroleum Applications Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute

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[4] Mohammad LN, Elseifi MA, Cooper SB, Challa H, Naidoo P. Laboratory evaluation of asphalt mixtures containing bio-binder technologies. 92nd Transportation Research

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[6] Peralta J, Raouf MA, Tang S, Williams RC. Bio-renewable asphalt modifiers and asphalt substitutes. In: Sustainable Bioenergy and Bioproducts, Green Energy and Technology. London: Springer-Verlag London Limited; 2012. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4471-2324-8\_6

[7] Asokan P, Firdoous M, Sonal W. Properties and potential of bio fibres, bio binders, and

[8] Mohan D, Pittman CU, Steele PH. Pyrolysis of wood/biomass for bio-oil: A critical

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asphalt. Washington, D.C: Papers from a Workshop; January 22, 2012. p. 625

bio composites. Review on Advanced Materials Science. 2012;**30**:254-261

has similar or improve performance when compare to conventional mixtures.

**Author details**

(EPRI), Cairo, Egypt

**References**

Ragab Abd Eltawab Abd El-latief

Construcción. 2017;**67**:327

Technology. 2009;**6**(4):431-439

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Address all correspondence to: chemragab83@yahoo.com

The use of alternative (or secondary) materials in asphalt mixtures may be one of the most complex methods of highway use. It is not a matter of throwing alternative materials into the mixture and coating them with cement. The best use should be designed and used, including the design of the mixture itself, and the effects of alternative materials on the behavior of the asphalt binder, and the pavement to be incorporated into it. It is necessary to know how to test the resulting mixture in order to conform to the specifications; in some cases, this knowledge is lacking. Also, the expected finding from this chapter is as follows:


It will be a positive step in the direction of achieving mixture modified with bio-binder that has similar or improve performance when compare to conventional mixtures.
