1. Introduction

The increase of interrepair period of life duration of road blanket from asphalt concrete is one of the important problems in the road industry. In the conditions of existing trend for the growth of intensity and traffic volume, it is necessary to find new materials and technologies to provide road integrity for the whole period of life cycle. The existing shortage stimulates the finding of the new materials and rock for dolomite and dolomitized limestone replacement during the process of asphalt concrete mixes replacement without their poorer operation quality. One of these rocks is shungite as a unique carbonaceous composite. That is why the research of fine dispersed powder, the substantiation of its application while fabricating asphalt concrete mixes, innovation technologies development of construction of blankets with better operation characteristics is an actual problem.

The high-cost of dolomite mineral powder and stable tendency to its rise stimulate the finding of new materials and technologies which can be used without asphalt concrete operation abilities deterioration.

Shungite is a black rock (flaky stone) from the field near Shunga. Strong strata of this mineral go out onto the shores of the lake Onega near the Tolvuya settlement. There are known five fields: Nizkoozyornoe, Shungskoe, Vikshozerskoe, Myagkozernoe and Krasnaya Selga, the raw materials of which were used for shungite production as a light filler for bitumen.

Shungite is a unique rock consisting of amorphous carbon. It is very active in redox reactions, silicon dioxide, ferric oxide, cobalt, vanadium, titanium and other elements.

applied such forms while constructing dome-shaped structures [19]. Schematic structure of fullerene is molecule С<sup>60</sup> with affixed to it radicals (ОН). It is demonstrated in Figure 1.

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Figure 1. Schematic structure of fullerene is molecule С<sup>60</sup> with affixed to it radicals (ОН).

There is a real possibility to obtain different organic compounds based on fullerenes in different spheres of man activity. Particularly, the researches of shungite affecting asphalt concrete surface operating performances are conducted in Voronezh State Technical University (Russia) [2–8].

The attention of the scientists from different countries to the new road construction materials can lead to the appearance of new carbon containing technologies based on fullerenes and graffenes and spreading our conceptions which will influence the civilization development.

The effect of shungite mineral powder particles surface nature on asphalt concrete binding agent performances is done by scanning tester microscope NanoEducator. It is for visualization, diagnosis and modification of substance with micro- and nanodimensional level of spatial

The complex of scanning tester microscope NanoEducator consists of measuring head of scanning tester microscope, electronic block, video camera, connecting cables, computer, eatching probes and also a set of test samples, expendable materials and toolwares. Software

2. Researches of materials surface on scanning tester microscope

Main characteristics of СЗМ NanoEducator are presented in Table 1.

resolution.

Mac OS X is used.

Antimicrobial properties of shungite were known even in the seventeenth–eighteenth century that is why Russian tsar Peter I ordered the soldiers to drink water from the vessels with the piece of flaky stone in them.

American professor Semyon Tzipursky from Arizona University determined the uniqueness of carbon in Karelian shungite where it is evenly distributed as conglomerations of 200–300 angstrom. Therefore, they are able to migrate into water in appreciable volumes especially from powder shungite. According to the radiocarbon analysis, shungite age is about 2 billion years.

Carbon (C) from the fourth group of the periodic table is the only element for which valency and coordination number coincide. Thanks to this peculiarity, carbon is able to form the compounds practically with any atoms number in the chain in which there can be any numbers of multiple bonds at any combinations.

The work by Robert F. Curl and Richard Errett Smalley is of great importance. There, a hollow carbon molecule is described as cluster with 60 atoms in it [1]. Theoretically, the structure of 60 atoms (С60,) is calculated. The most stable structure of spherical shell is the combination of pentagons and hexagons. Under thermal graphite decomposition, there was synthesized a new substance, the molecules of which have spherical form. So there appeared fullerenes. Different compounds of fullerene molecules with hydroxyl groups were synthesized. Diagram of fullerene molecules is given in Figure 1. Fullerene is named by Buckminster Fuller who The Enhancement of Asphalt Concrete Surface Rigidity Based on Application of Shungite-Bitumen Binder http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76877 83

Figure 1. Schematic structure of fullerene is molecule С<sup>60</sup> with affixed to it radicals (ОН).

1. Introduction

82 Modified Asphalt

deterioration.

piece of flaky stone in them.

about 2 billion years.

bers of multiple bonds at any combinations.

better operation characteristics is an actual problem.

The increase of interrepair period of life duration of road blanket from asphalt concrete is one of the important problems in the road industry. In the conditions of existing trend for the growth of intensity and traffic volume, it is necessary to find new materials and technologies to provide road integrity for the whole period of life cycle. The existing shortage stimulates the finding of the new materials and rock for dolomite and dolomitized limestone replacement during the process of asphalt concrete mixes replacement without their poorer operation quality. One of these rocks is shungite as a unique carbonaceous composite. That is why the research of fine dispersed powder, the substantiation of its application while fabricating asphalt concrete mixes, innovation technologies development of construction of blankets with

The high-cost of dolomite mineral powder and stable tendency to its rise stimulate the finding of new materials and technologies which can be used without asphalt concrete operation abilities

Shungite is a black rock (flaky stone) from the field near Shunga. Strong strata of this mineral go out onto the shores of the lake Onega near the Tolvuya settlement. There are known five fields: Nizkoozyornoe, Shungskoe, Vikshozerskoe, Myagkozernoe and Krasnaya Selga, the

Shungite is a unique rock consisting of amorphous carbon. It is very active in redox reactions,

Antimicrobial properties of shungite were known even in the seventeenth–eighteenth century that is why Russian tsar Peter I ordered the soldiers to drink water from the vessels with the

American professor Semyon Tzipursky from Arizona University determined the uniqueness of carbon in Karelian shungite where it is evenly distributed as conglomerations of 200–300 angstrom. Therefore, they are able to migrate into water in appreciable volumes especially from powder shungite. According to the radiocarbon analysis, shungite age is

Carbon (C) from the fourth group of the periodic table is the only element for which valency and coordination number coincide. Thanks to this peculiarity, carbon is able to form the compounds practically with any atoms number in the chain in which there can be any num-

The work by Robert F. Curl and Richard Errett Smalley is of great importance. There, a hollow carbon molecule is described as cluster with 60 atoms in it [1]. Theoretically, the structure of 60 atoms (С60,) is calculated. The most stable structure of spherical shell is the combination of pentagons and hexagons. Under thermal graphite decomposition, there was synthesized a new substance, the molecules of which have spherical form. So there appeared fullerenes. Different compounds of fullerene molecules with hydroxyl groups were synthesized. Diagram of fullerene molecules is given in Figure 1. Fullerene is named by Buckminster Fuller who

raw materials of which were used for shungite production as a light filler for bitumen.

silicon dioxide, ferric oxide, cobalt, vanadium, titanium and other elements.

applied such forms while constructing dome-shaped structures [19]. Schematic structure of fullerene is molecule С<sup>60</sup> with affixed to it radicals (ОН). It is demonstrated in Figure 1.

There is a real possibility to obtain different organic compounds based on fullerenes in different spheres of man activity. Particularly, the researches of shungite affecting asphalt concrete surface operating performances are conducted in Voronezh State Technical University (Russia) [2–8].

The attention of the scientists from different countries to the new road construction materials can lead to the appearance of new carbon containing technologies based on fullerenes and graffenes and spreading our conceptions which will influence the civilization development.

#### 2. Researches of materials surface on scanning tester microscope

The effect of shungite mineral powder particles surface nature on asphalt concrete binding agent performances is done by scanning tester microscope NanoEducator. It is for visualization, diagnosis and modification of substance with micro- and nanodimensional level of spatial resolution.

The complex of scanning tester microscope NanoEducator consists of measuring head of scanning tester microscope, electronic block, video camera, connecting cables, computer, eatching probes and also a set of test samples, expendable materials and toolwares. Software Mac OS X is used.

Main characteristics of СЗМ NanoEducator are presented in Table 1.


and depression zones (dark areas) are observed on the surface under research. The surface unevenness is 0.43 μm. Fractal dimensionality of surface D is 1.73. The structure of shungite surface (Figure 2 – limestone powder in 3D picture) has less compound relief on the area of 0.46 micromicrone and height difference from 342 to +457 nanomicrone. Shungite surface in

The Enhancement of Asphalt Concrete Surface Rigidity Based on Application of Shungite-Bitumen Binder

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Such structural nature indicates the more dense powder nature and its high value of specific

The structure of shungite surface has less compound relief on the area of 0.46 micromicrone and height difference from 342 to +457 nanomicrone. Surface fractal dimensionality D = 1.43. Such nature of the structure indicated that the powder has more dense structure, its specific surface and particles aggregation is high.Bitumen has rather even uniform surface without any defects in structure (Figure 4). The scan sample size is 9.5 9.5μm, heights difference is from 821 to 820 nm. Fractal dimensionality of surface is D = 1.97. Bitumen surface in 3D is demon-

Composite systems are studied on the second stage. The results of scanning show the interaction of shungite and organic binding agent (Figure 5). The results of the research by Chernousov D.I. testify the fact, that shungite with its high adsorptive activity relative to organic binding agent promotes its structurization. Bitumen particles penetrate into shungite porous space and fill it.

Figure 2. 3D picture of limestone powder. Surface fractal dimensionality D = 1.43.

3D is shown in Figure 3.

strated in Figure 4.

surface and particles aggregation.

Table 1. Main characteristics of СZМ (СЗМ) NanoEducator.

Fine powder from limestone, shungite and bitumen binding up to 70 μm was analyzed on the first stage [8].

Samples for scanning were prepared in the following way:

• dispersed powder-like material spreading on an adhesive tape. Before testing there were applied test metering lattices of the height from 21 to 500 nm (( 1.2–2.5 nm) and the period of 3.0 0.01 μm.

Then, the sample is fixed to the magnetic padding and placed on the magnetic table in the measuring head. After that, the area is chosen for investigation and the surface is scanned.

The state of mineral particles surface plays a great role as the chips, defects and microcracks promote the stronger internal frictions and consequently the better interaction of organic binding and mineral powder.

Mineral powder plays a role of asphalt concrete structure forming component which provides the transmission of voluminous bitumen into film state. Together with bitumen it forms asphalt concrete binding agent substance.

As a result of the analysis, it was determined that limestone powder (Figure 2) is characterized with compound surface relief by alternation of peaks and depressions with heights difference from 371 to +429 nm on the scanning area of 8.5 8.5 μm. Some evident peaks (light areas) and depression zones (dark areas) are observed on the surface under research. The surface unevenness is 0.43 μm. Fractal dimensionality of surface D is 1.73. The structure of shungite surface (Figure 2 – limestone powder in 3D picture) has less compound relief on the area of 0.46 micromicrone and height difference from 342 to +457 nanomicrone. Shungite surface in 3D is shown in Figure 3.

Such structural nature indicates the more dense powder nature and its high value of specific surface and particles aggregation.

The structure of shungite surface has less compound relief on the area of 0.46 micromicrone and height difference from 342 to +457 nanomicrone. Surface fractal dimensionality D = 1.43.

Such nature of the structure indicated that the powder has more dense structure, its specific surface and particles aggregation is high.Bitumen has rather even uniform surface without any defects in structure (Figure 4). The scan sample size is 9.5 9.5μm, heights difference is from 821 to 820 nm. Fractal dimensionality of surface is D = 1.97. Bitumen surface in 3D is demonstrated in Figure 4.

Composite systems are studied on the second stage. The results of scanning show the interaction of shungite and organic binding agent (Figure 5). The results of the research by Chernousov D.I. testify the fact, that shungite with its high adsorptive activity relative to organic binding agent promotes its structurization. Bitumen particles penetrate into shungite porous space and fill it.

Figure 2. 3D picture of limestone powder. Surface fractal dimensionality D = 1.43.

Fine powder from limestone, shungite and bitumen binding up to 70 μm was analyzed on the

Characteristics Quantitative characteristics Scanning mode АСМ, СТМ, lithography Scanning area 70 70 10 mkm

Time of scanning 30–40 min (depends on scanning area)

Atmospheric pressure 760 30 mm. of mercury column.

Time of set-up Not more than 10 min

Sample height Not more than 5 mm

relative humidity Not more than 60%

Tested sample size 12 12 mm

Environment temperature температура 25 5С

Electric network voltage 220 В Frequency 50 Hz

Minimal scanner step 10 nm Scanning carrent 100–200 nm Radius of probe curvature 10–100 nm

~ 50 nm

grounding

~ 2 nm (depends on radius of probe curvature)

• dispersed powder-like material spreading on an adhesive tape. Before testing there were applied test metering lattices of the height from 21 to 500 nm (( 1.2–2.5 nm) and the

Then, the sample is fixed to the magnetic padding and placed on the magnetic table in the measuring head. After that, the area is chosen for investigation and the surface is scanned.

The state of mineral particles surface plays a great role as the chips, defects and microcracks promote the stronger internal frictions and consequently the better interaction of organic

Mineral powder plays a role of asphalt concrete structure forming component which provides the transmission of voluminous bitumen into film state. Together with bitumen it forms asphalt

As a result of the analysis, it was determined that limestone powder (Figure 2) is characterized with compound surface relief by alternation of peaks and depressions with heights difference from 371 to +429 nm on the scanning area of 8.5 8.5 μm. Some evident peaks (light areas)

Samples for scanning were prepared in the following way:

Table 1. Main characteristics of СZМ (СЗМ) NanoEducator.

first stage [8].

Spatial resolution X-Y

84 Modified Asphalt

Z

period of 3.0 0.01 μm.

binding and mineral powder.

concrete binding agent substance.

Figure 5. 3D picture of the composite "bitumen-shungite surface".

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Figure 6. 3D picture of the composite "bitumen-lime stone" surface.

Figure 3. 3D picture of shungit surface.

Figure 4. 3D picture of bitumen surface.

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Figure 5. 3D picture of the composite "bitumen-shungite surface".

Figure 3. 3D picture of shungit surface.

86 Modified Asphalt

Figure 4. 3D picture of bitumen surface.

Figure 6. 3D picture of the composite "bitumen-lime stone" surface.

Active surface centers are on the surfaces of any mineral material. They condition their capac-

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The presence of the active centers which can absorb practically all organic compounds existing in bitumen provides strong adhesion contacts between binding agents and mineral materials surface.

Chemisorptions are substances adsorption from the surrounding environment by liquid or solid body. It is accompanied by the formation of chemical linkages. Absorption is considered as a substance chemical adsorption by solid body surface that is as chemical adsorption. At chemisorptions there is a linkage formed between atoms (molecules) of adsorbent and adsorbate. Therefore, it can be considered as chemical reaction which is limited by surface layer.

Interaction of binding agents and mineral materials is the most fully appeared during chemisorptions processes taking place on the interface. Herewith the binding components diffuse into pores spaces of mineral materials and there is a physical adsorption of binding surface

In the very work, the reactive properties of the mineral material were considered according to

The amount of bitumen adsorption from benzene solutions on the surface of mineral powders

Bitumen solutions were prepared on the pure chemical nonpolar benzene of four different concentrations: 1, 3, 6, 9 g/l. Weights of tested powders of 5 g each were put into with groundin stoppers glass flasks of 200 ml capacity and then they were covered with 50 cm<sup>3</sup> of benzene

After agitating, the flasks with the contents were left alone for 24 h. Then the part of the solution was taken out from the flasks and the bitumen concentration was determined by

The amount of bitumen chemically connected with the powder surface was defined according

ð1Þ

solutions of designed concentrations and agitated on a special plant for an hour.

ity of reaction and take part in the interaction with organic binding agent.

film which adheres to the stone materials.

was defined by the following method:

photometer KFK-3 (КФК-3).

Со – initial concentration, kg/m<sup>3</sup>

V – solution volume, m<sup>3</sup>

M – mineral powder mass, kg

С – equilibrium concentration, kg/m<sup>3</sup>

where

The absorption was calculated by the formula:

;

;

to the difference of adsorption and adsorbed bitumen values.

Desorption were conducted by the following method:

;

the bitumen amount adsorbed from benzene solutions [9].

Figure 7. Correlation of the surface roughness and fractal dimensionality characteristics.

Thus the maximal degree of roughness of asphalt concrete binding agent with shungite is 0.027μm (the scan size is 5.0 5.0 μm). Fractal dimensionality of the surface is D = 1.64. Composite "bitumen-shungite" surface in 3D is presented in Figure 5.

The less surface roughness the nearer the value of surface fractal dimensionality to the criteria "2" that is the material is more dense and homogeneous. Composite "bitumen-lime stone" surface in 3D is given in Figure 6.

Correlation of the indicators of the surface roughness and fractal dimensionality characteristics is shown in Figure 7.
