Author details

Ahmet Sertac Karakas

Address all correspondence to: skarakas@istanbul.edu.tr

Istanbul University, Division of Construction and Technical Maintenance, Istanbul, Turkey

[12] Zubeck H, Raad L, Saboundjian S, Minassian G, Ryer J. Performance of polymermodified-asphalt-aggregate mixtures in Alaska. Journal of Cold Regions Engineering.

Aging Effects on Mechanical Characteristics of Multi-Layer Asphalt Structure

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.75698

39

[13] Masson JF, Pelletier L, Collins P. Rapid FTIR method for quantification of styrenebutadiene type copolymers in bitumen. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2001;79:

[14] Lu X, Isacsson U. Influence of styrene-butadiene-styrene polymer modification on bitu-

[15] Cavaliere MG, Diani E, Dia MD. Dynamic mechanical characterization of binder and asphalt concrete. In: Proceedings of the Euroasphalt and Eurobitumen Congress, No.5551; 1996 [16] Behbahani H, Ziari H, Noubakhat S. The use of polymer modification of bitumen for Durant hot asphalt mixtures. Journal of Applied Sciences Research. 2008;4(1):96-102 [17] Lu X, Isacsson U. Laboratory study on the low temperature physical hardening of conventional and polymer modified bitumens. Construction and Building Materials. 2000;14:79-88

[18] Navarro FJ, Partal P, Martinez-Boza F, Valencia C, Gallegos C. Rheological characteristics of ground tire rubber-modified bitumens. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2002;89:53-61

[19] Airey GD. Rheological properties of styrene butadienee styrene polymer modified road

[20] Khattak MJ, Baladi GY. Engineering properties of polymer- modified asphalt mixtures.

[21] Al-Qadi IL, Abuawad IM, Dhasmana H, Coenen AR. Effects of Various Asphalt Binder Additives/Modifiers on Moisture Susceptible Asphaltic Mixtures. Civil Engineering Studies. Illinois Center for Transportation Series No. 14–004. ISSN: 0197–9191. UILU-ENG-

[22] Zhu J, Kringos N. Towards the development of a viscoelastic model for phase separation

[23] de Carcer ÍA, Masegosa RM, Viñas MT, Sanchez-Cabezudo M, Salom C, Prolongo MG, Contreras V, Barceló F, Páez A. Storage stability of SBS/sulfur modified bitumens at high temperature: Influence of bitumen composition and structure. Construction and Building

[24] Larsen DO, Alessandrini JL, Bosch A, Cortizo MS. Micro-structural and rheological characteristics of SBS-asphalt blends during their manufacturing. Construction and Building

[25] Fang H, Haddock JE, White TD, Hand AJ. On the characterization of flexible pavement rutting using creep model-based finite element analysis. Finite Elements in Analysis and

in polymer-modified bitumen, Road Mater. Pavement Design. 2015;16:39-49

2002;16:170-190

men viscosity. Fuel. 1997;76(14–15):1353-1359

bitumens. Fuel. 2002;82(14):1709-1719

Transportation Research Record. 1998;1638:12-22

1034-1041

2014–2004

Materials. 2014;52:245-252

Materials. 2009;23:2769-2774

Design. 2004;41(1):49-73

#### References


[12] Zubeck H, Raad L, Saboundjian S, Minassian G, Ryer J. Performance of polymermodified-asphalt-aggregate mixtures in Alaska. Journal of Cold Regions Engineering. 2002;16:170-190

Author details

38 Modified Asphalt

References

Ahmet Sertac Karakas

2001;9(1):39-50

Address all correspondence to: skarakas@istanbul.edu.tr

Materials Science. 2004;39(3):951-999

of Applied Sciences. 2007;4(6):390-396

Materials. 2014;62(15): 1-7

Istanbul University, Division of Construction and Technical Maintenance, Istanbul, Turkey

[1] Shingo K, Shigeru T, Zhang XM, Dong DW, Inagaki N. Compatibilizer role of styrenebutadiene-styrene tri-block copolymer in asphalt. Polymer Journal. 2001;33(3):209-213

[2] Airey GD. Styrene butadiene styrene polymer medication of road bitumens. Journal of

[3] Becker Y, Mendez MP, Rodriguez Y. Polymer modified asphalt. Vision Technologica.

[4] Behbahani H, Hassan Z, Shams N. The use of polymer modification of bitumen for Durant hot asphalt mixtures. Journal of Applied Sciences Research. 2008;4(1):96-102 [5] Awwad MT, Shbeeb L. The use of polyethylene in hot asphalt mixtures. American Journal

[6] Dong F, Zhao W, Zhang Y, Wei J, Fan W, Yu Y, Wang Z. Influence of SBS and asphalt on SBS dispersion and the performance of modified asphalt. Construction and Building

[7] Prowell BD, Zhang J, Brown ER. Aggregate Properties and the Performance of Superpave-Designed Hot Mix Asphalt. NCHRP Report 539, Transportation Research Board, 2005 [8] Cpatt OV. Investigation of polymer modified asphalt by shear and tensile compliances. Material Characterization for Inputs into AASHTO 2002 Guide Session of the 2004 Annual

Conference, Transportation Association, Canada, Québec City; ; 2004. pp. 145–213

modified asphalt. Materials Research. 2004;7(4):529-534

ogy Transfer Conference, Atlantic City, New Jersey, USA, 2004

[9] Lucena MCC, Soares SA, Soares JB. Characterization and thermal behavior of polymer-

[10] Newman K. Polymer-modified asphalt mixtures for heavy-duty pavements: fatigue characteristics as measured by flexural beam testing. 2004 FAA Worldwide Airport Technol-

[11] Mohammad LN, Negulescu LL, Wu Z, Daranga C, Daly WH, Abadie C. Investigation of the use of recycled polymer modified asphalt binder in asphalt concrete pavements.

Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists. 2003;72:551-594


[26] Abed AH, Al-Azzawi AA. Evaluation of rutting depth in flexible pavements by using finite element analysis and local empirical model. American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences. 2012;5(2):163-169

**Chapter 3**

**Provisional chapter**

**Novel Applications with Asphaltene Electronic**

**Novel Applications with Asphaltene Electronic** 

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78379

Asphaltenes are the molecular components of Asphalts and have polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) structures similar to nanographenes. Thus, organic-based dye sensitized solar cells can be produced from asphaltenes. In addition, graphene based structures doped with transition metals can be synthesized from asphaltenes. These materials are simple to synthesize and inexpensive relative to other methods for doping graphene. Thus, what is considered a "Waste Material - Tar" can now be utilized in several important applications. These novel materials from asphaltene are also termed Discotic Liquid Crystals (DLC) and now have great potential in many areas, because of novel and valuable prop-

**Keywords:** synthetic asphaltene, organic photovoltaics (OPVs), polyaromatic

light harvesting molecules, nanographene, doped graphene

hydrocarbons (PAHs), discotic liquid crystals (DLCs), dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC),

Carbon-based systems including polymers, nanotubes, graphene and quantum dots are active materials in electronic, photonic or magnetic devices. Their properties depend on chemical structure and size and thus they can be chemically or physically tuned. Extended π-conjugated scaffolds that can be decorated with functional groups are the main feature related in these structures. Their functionalization can be optimized in order to facilitate their self-assembly into highly ordered supramolecular architectures, that are driven by non-covalent π – π stacking interaction, hydrogen bonding, etc. Small molecules which can be characterized by their π-conjugated networks (pyrenes, pentacenes, coronenes, polythiophenes, etc.) possess

> © 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**Structure**

**Abstract**

**1. Introduction**

**Structure**

Eva M. Deemer and Russell R. Chianelli

Eva M. Deemer and Russell R. Chianelli

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.78379

erties, easy synthesis and low cost.

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter


#### **Novel Applications with Asphaltene Electronic Structure Novel Applications with Asphaltene Electronic Structure**

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78379

Eva M. Deemer and Russell R. Chianelli Eva M. Deemer and Russell R. Chianelli

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.78379

#### **Abstract**

[26] Abed AH, Al-Azzawi AA. Evaluation of rutting depth in flexible pavements by using finite element analysis and local empirical model. American Journal of Engineering and

[27] Whiteoak D, Read J. The Shell Bitumen Handbook. London: Thomas Telford Ltd; 2003

[29] Ilica M, Tayfur S, Ozen H. Asphalt and Application. Istanbul, Turkey: ISFALT; 2001

Science Thesis]. Trabzon, Turkey: Blacksea Technical University; 2004

year period. Construction and Building Materials. 2014;71:406-415

[28] Wu J. The Influence of Mineral Aggregates and Binder 1068 Volumetrics on Bitumen

[30] Iskender E. Evaluation of permanent deformation problem in asphalt concrete [Master

[31] Dogan M. Effect of Polymer Additives on the Physical Properties of Bitumen Based Composites, a Thesis Submitted to the Graduated School of Natural and Applied Science.

[32] Yildirim Z. Use of waste plastics in the production of polymer modified bitumen materials [Master Science Thesis]. Institute of Science and Technology, Aegean University; 2006 [33] Karakas AS, Sayin B, Kuloglu N. The changes in the mechanical properties of neat and SBS-modified HMA pavements due to traffic loads and environmental effects over a one-

[34] Karakas AS, Ortes F. Comparative assessment of the mechanical properties of asphalt layers under the traffic and environmental conditions. Construction and Building Mate-

[35] Karakas AS, Kuloglu N, Kok BV, Yilmaz M. The evaluation of the field performance of the neat and SBS modified hot mixture asphalt. Construction and Building Materials. 2015;

[36] Brinkgreve RBJ et al. Plaxis Finite Element Code for Soil and Rock Analyses. Netherlands:

[37] Tunc A. Flexible Coating Materials Handbook. Ankara: Asil publication distribution; 2004

[38] Tunc A. Road Materials and Applications. Istanbul: Atlas publisher; 2001

Applied Sciences. 2012;5(2):163-169

40 Modified Asphalt

Ageing. England: The University of Nottingham; 2009

Ankara: Middle East Technical University; 2006

Delft University of Technologhy & Plaxis b.v; 2002

rials. 2017;131:278-290

98:678-684

Asphaltenes are the molecular components of Asphalts and have polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) structures similar to nanographenes. Thus, organic-based dye sensitized solar cells can be produced from asphaltenes. In addition, graphene based structures doped with transition metals can be synthesized from asphaltenes. These materials are simple to synthesize and inexpensive relative to other methods for doping graphene. Thus, what is considered a "Waste Material - Tar" can now be utilized in several important applications. These novel materials from asphaltene are also termed Discotic Liquid Crystals (DLC) and now have great potential in many areas, because of novel and valuable properties, easy synthesis and low cost.

**Keywords:** synthetic asphaltene, organic photovoltaics (OPVs), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), discotic liquid crystals (DLCs), dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC), light harvesting molecules, nanographene, doped graphene

#### **1. Introduction**

Carbon-based systems including polymers, nanotubes, graphene and quantum dots are active materials in electronic, photonic or magnetic devices. Their properties depend on chemical structure and size and thus they can be chemically or physically tuned. Extended π-conjugated scaffolds that can be decorated with functional groups are the main feature related in these structures. Their functionalization can be optimized in order to facilitate their self-assembly into highly ordered supramolecular architectures, that are driven by non-covalent π – π stacking interaction, hydrogen bonding, etc. Small molecules which can be characterized by their π-conjugated networks (pyrenes, pentacenes, coronenes, polythiophenes, etc.) possess

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


**Table 1.** Current density of molecular wires expressed in nanoscale units compared to current density of macroscopic copper [14].

electronic bandgaps that are well defined and shapes such as fibers, nanocrystals or uniform monolayers which enable molecular self-assembly into highly ordered low-dimensional architectures. Conjugated molecules have been explored for use in organic electronics and vary widely, however conjugated discotic materials and their self-assembly have been of interest to researchers due to their unique liquid crystalline properties [1, 2].

Experiments done in the mid and late 1990s demonstrated individual molecules can possess physical phenomena which previously thought to have been limited to semiconductors and revolutionized the material science. In 1996, it was still questionable whether or not individual molecules could actually conduct electricity but experiments performed from 1995 to 1997 [3–8] determined that individual molecules can conduct and also switch small electrical currents [9–13]. These revolutionary works demonstrated the use and assembly of molecular electronic devices using aromatic organic molecules, nanotubes, biomolecules or nanowires (**Table 1**) but more importantly, they gave the promise of low cost, carbon-based electronics at the smallest of scales which could be printed onto plastic.
