**6. Conclusions**

Microfluidics continues to receive attention in science and technology due to its many applications. And as shown, it has the potential to find applicability in constraining atmosphericpressure microplasmas in 2D-microfluidic channels (**Figures 8** and **10**) or in 3D-millifluidic chips (**Figures 11** and **12**). Future developments include coupling of standard CMOS fabrication technology [179, 183, 184, 195–197] with microfluidics or millifluidics, thus allowing integration of fluidics with electronics. Microinstruments are those with at least one critical (or essential) component operating in the micro-regime. For nanofluidics as may be applied to chemical analysis, it appears that it will be best if nanofluidic channels was packaged alongside microfluidic channels.

It is envisioned that future fluidics (**Figure 1**) will be embedded within portable micro- or nano-instruments for measurements *on-site* (i.e., in the field). Such instruments will have (some) energy autonomy [198–200], will incorporate some *"smarts"* [201] (e.g., based on Artificial Intelligence and Deep Learning) and will have wireless capability [202] so that they can become a part of the **I**nternet **o**f **T**hings (**IoT**) [200–203]. Clearly, fluidics (e.g., milli-, micro- or nano-) have the potential to become critical components of mobile (or even wearable) instruments that are *"cheap, smart and under wireless control"* [139].
