Preface

Chapter 7 **Micro/Nanofluids in Sustainable Machining 161** Tran The Long and Tran Minh Duc

Chapter 9 **Thermal Transport and Challenges on Nanofluids**

**Technology 201** Jian-Chiun Liou

**VI** Contents

**Performance 215** José Jaime Taha-Tijerina

**Biofouling 293**

Chapter 8 **Precisely Addressed (DNA Gene) Spray Microfluidic Chip**

Chapter 10 **Magnetite Molybdenum Disulphide Nanofluid of Grade Two: A Generalized Model with Caputo-Fabrizio Derivative 257** Farhad Ali, Madeha Gohar, Ilyas Khan, Nadeem Ahmad Sheikh,

Sudarmadji Sudarmadji, Bambang SAP and Santoso

Ishita Biswas, Aloke Kumar and Mohtada Sadrzadeh

Syed Aftab Alam Jan and Muhammad Saqib

Chapter 11 **Performance Evaluation Criterion of Nanofluid 277**

Chapter 12 **Microfluidic Membrane Filtration Systems to Study**

In this book, various aspects of microfluidics and nanofluidics are presented. Microfluidics and nanofluidics span a broad array of disciplines including mechanical, materials, and elec‐ trical engineering, surface science, chemistry, physics, and biology. In Chapter 1, the science and phenomena that become important when fluid flow is confined in microfluidic channels are discussed. In the second chapter, applications of nanofluid for thermal management of photovoltaic modules are reported. In the third chapter, nanofluid minimum quantity lubri‐ cation cooling (NMQLC) technique is summarized first; then a review on the mechanism of grinding thermodynamics under NMQLC condition is presented based on published litera‐ tures. In Chapter 4, each mechanism is presented in brief yet concise manner, for broad range of readers, which serves as a strong foundation for amateurs as well as a brainstorming source for experts, by description of: from the fundamental mechanism that underlies the phenomenon, covering the theoretical and schematic description; how the response is being tuned; and utmost practical, the understanding by specific implementation into bioparticle manipulation covering from micron-sized material down to molecular-level particles. Chap‐ ter 5 deals with transport and interactions of colloidal particles, and biomolecules in micro‐ channels are of great importance to many microfluidic applications, such as drug delivery in life science, microchannel heat exchangers in electronic cooling and food processing industry. Chapter 6 aims to review and discuss the fluid flow behavior of the multiphase system, math‐ ematical models, as well as the fundamental phenomena of driving force of microdroplet encapsulation and fission multiphase system. Chapter 7 presents the recent progress and ap‐ plications of nanofluids in machining processes as well as some initial researches about mi‐ crofluids. Nanofluids provide an excellent media in cutting zone for enhancing the thermal conductivity and tribological characteristics. Precisely addressed (DNA gene) spray micro‐ fluidic chip is investigated in Chapter 8. Chapter 9 aims to focus on a detailed description of the thermal transport behavior, challenges and implications that involve the development and use of HTFs under the influence of atomistic-scale structures and industrial applications. Heat and mass transfer analysis in magnetite molybdenum disulfide nanofluid of grade two is studied in Chapter 10. Chapter 11 deals with heat transfer enhancement as well as the pres‐ sure drop augmentation to determine whether nanofluid is feasible for use in practical appli‐ cations. Chapter 12 presents an overview of the biofouling in membrane processes and different fabrication techniques of microfluidic membrane systems.

**Mohsen Sheikholeslami Kandelousi (M. Sheikholeslami)**

Department of Mechanical Engineering Babol Noshirvani University of Technology Babol, Islamic Republic of Iran

**Chapter 1**

**Provisional chapter**

**Microfluidics and Nanofluidics: Science, Fabrication**

**Microfluidics and Nanofluidics: Science, Fabrication** 

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.74426

**Technology (From Cleanrooms to 3D Printing) and**

**Technology (From Cleanrooms to 3D Printing) and** 

**Their Application to Chemical Analysis by Battery-**

The science and phenomena that become important when fluid-flow is confined in microfluidic channels are initially discussed. Then, technologies for channel fabrication (ranging from photolithography and chemical etching, to imprinting, and to 3D-printing) are reviewed. The reference list is extensive and (within each topic) it is arranged chronologically. Examples (with emphasis on those from the authors' laboratory) are highlighted. Among them, they involve plasma miniaturization via microplasma formation inside micro-fluidic (and in some cases millifluidic) channels fabricated on 2D and 3D-chips. Questions addressed include: How small plasmas can be made? What defines their fundamental size-limit? How small analytical plasmas should be made? And what is their ignition voltage? The discussion then continues with the science, technology and applications of nanofluidics. The conclusions include predictions on potential future development of portable instruments employing either micro or nanofluidic channels. Such portable (or mobile) instruments are expected to be controlled by a smartphone; to have (some) energy autonomy; to employ Artificial Intelligence and Deep Learning, and to have wireless connectivity for their inclusion in the Internet-of-Things (IoT). In essence, those that can be used for chemical analysis in the field for *"bringing part of the lab to the* 

**Keywords:** microfluidics, nanofluidics, wet chemical etching, embossing, polymeric substrates, 3D printing, rapid prototyping, microplasmas, portability, postage stamp

**Their Application to Chemical Analysis by Battery-**

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**Operated Microplasmas-On-Chips**

**Operated Microplasmas-On-Chips**

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.74426

*sample"* types of applications.

sized 2D-chips, 3D-chips, Lab-on-a-chip, MEMS, NEMS

Vassili Karanassios

**Abstract**

Vassili Karanassios

#### **Microfluidics and Nanofluidics: Science, Fabrication Technology (From Cleanrooms to 3D Printing) and Their Application to Chemical Analysis by Battery-Operated Microplasmas-On-Chips Microfluidics and Nanofluidics: Science, Fabrication Technology (From Cleanrooms to 3D Printing) and Their Application to Chemical Analysis by Battery-Operated Microplasmas-On-Chips**

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.74426

#### Vassili Karanassios Vassili Karanassios

VIII Preface

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.74426

#### **Abstract**

The science and phenomena that become important when fluid-flow is confined in microfluidic channels are initially discussed. Then, technologies for channel fabrication (ranging from photolithography and chemical etching, to imprinting, and to 3D-printing) are reviewed. The reference list is extensive and (within each topic) it is arranged chronologically. Examples (with emphasis on those from the authors' laboratory) are highlighted. Among them, they involve plasma miniaturization via microplasma formation inside micro-fluidic (and in some cases millifluidic) channels fabricated on 2D and 3D-chips. Questions addressed include: How small plasmas can be made? What defines their fundamental size-limit? How small analytical plasmas should be made? And what is their ignition voltage? The discussion then continues with the science, technology and applications of nanofluidics. The conclusions include predictions on potential future development of portable instruments employing either micro or nanofluidic channels. Such portable (or mobile) instruments are expected to be controlled by a smartphone; to have (some) energy autonomy; to employ Artificial Intelligence and Deep Learning, and to have wireless connectivity for their inclusion in the Internet-of-Things (IoT). In essence, those that can be used for chemical analysis in the field for *"bringing part of the lab to the sample"* types of applications.

**Keywords:** microfluidics, nanofluidics, wet chemical etching, embossing, polymeric substrates, 3D printing, rapid prototyping, microplasmas, portability, postage stamp sized 2D-chips, 3D-chips, Lab-on-a-chip, MEMS, NEMS

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
