4. Temperature control in microfluidic systems

Temperature is a crucial parameter in many microfluidic applications, for example, microscale milk pasteurisation unit [53], polymerase chain reaction (PCR) [54, 55], mixing [56], and temperature gradient focusing [57] or separation [58]. Lab-on-a-chip devices and systems are compact and multi-functional platforms which can be integrated into a small chip. Temperature control is one of the important functions in various microfluidic applications. In this section, different techniques for temperature control in microfluidic systems will be summarised into two categories: bulk temperature control and temperature gradient control [59].
