Author details

Figure 11. Comparison of this study with Sheikh et al. [19], when <sup>1</sup>

272 Microfluidics and Nanofluidics

Table 2. Effect of various parameters on the skin friction.

Table 3. Effect of various parameters on the Nusselt number.

<sup>k</sup> ¼ R ¼ 0.

Farhad Ali1,2,3\*, Madeha Gohar3 , Ilyas Khan<sup>4</sup> , Nadeem Ahmad Sheikh<sup>3</sup> , Syed Aftab Alam Jan<sup>3</sup> and Muhammad Saqib3

\*Address all correspondence to: farhad.ali@tdt.edu.vn

1 Computational Analysis Research Group, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

2 Faculty of Mathematics and Statistics, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

3 Department of Mathematics, City University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

4 Basic Engineering Sciences Department, College of Engineering Majmaah University, Majmaah Saudi Arabia

#### References


[19] Sheikh NA, Ali F, Khan I, Saqib M. A modern approach of Caputo–Fabrizio timefractional derivative to MHD free convection flow of generalized second-grade fluid in a

Magnetite Molybdenum Disulphide Nanofluid of Grade Two: A Generalized Model with Caputo-Fabrizio Derivative

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.72863

275

[20] Choi SU. Enhancement thermal conductivity of fluids with nanoparticles. International

[21] Wu YY, Kao MJ. Using TiO2 nanofluid additive for engine lubrication oil. Industrial

[22] Wang X, Xu X, Choi S, U S. Thermal conductivity of nanoparticle-fluid mixture. Journal of

[23] Garg J, Poudel B, Chiesa M, Gordon JB, Ma JJ, Wang JB, et al. Enhanced thermal conductivity and viscosity of copper nanoparticles in ethylene glycol nanofluid. Journal of

[24] Lee JH, Hwang KS, Jang SP, Lee BH, Kim JH, Choi SU, Choi CJ. Effective viscosities and thermal conductivities of aqueous nanofluids containing low volume concentrations of Al2O3 nanoparticles. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2008;51(11):2651-

[25] Abdullah MIHC, Abdollah MFB, Amiruddin H, Nuri M, Rashid N. Effect of hBN/Al2O3 nanoparticle additives on the tribological performance of engine oil. Jurnal Teknologi.

[26] Winer WO. Molybdenum disulfide as a lubricant: A review of the fundamental knowl-

[27] Shafie S, Gul A, Khan I. Molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles suspended in water-based nanofluids with mixed convection and flow inside a channel filled with saturated porous

medium. AIP Conference Proceedings. 2016, October;1775:030042

porous medium. Neural Computing and Applications. 1-11

Mechanical Engineering Congress and exposition. 1995

Thermophysics and Heat Transfer. 1999;13(4):474-480

Lubrication and Tribology. 2011;63(6):440-445

Applied Physics. 2008;103(7):074301

edge. Wear. 1967;10(6):422-452

2656

2014;66(3):1-6


[19] Sheikh NA, Ali F, Khan I, Saqib M. A modern approach of Caputo–Fabrizio timefractional derivative to MHD free convection flow of generalized second-grade fluid in a porous medium. Neural Computing and Applications. 1-11

[3] Laskin N. Fractional schrödinger equation. Physical Review E. 2002;66(5) 056108

45(8):3339-3352

274 Microfluidics and Nanofluidics

2569

153-161

939-945

[4] Naber M. Time fractional Schrödinger equation. Journal of Mathematical Physics. 2004;

[5] Baleanu D, Golmankhaneh AK, Golmankhaneh AK. The dual action of fractional multi time Hamilton equations. International Journal of Theoretical Physics. 2009;48(9):2558-

[6] Mainardi F. Fractional Calculus and Waves in Linear Viscoelasticity: An Introduction to

[7] Hayat T, Nadeem S, Asghar S. Periodic unidirectional flows of a viscoelastic fluid with the fractional Maxwell model. Applied Mathematics and Computation. 2004;151(1):

[8] Qi H, Jin H. Unsteady rotating flows of a viscoelastic fluid with the fractional Maxwell

[9] Meral FC, Royston TJ, Magin R. Fractional calculus in viscoelasticity: An experimental study. Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation. 2010;15(4):

[10] Qi H, Xu M. Unsteady flow of viscoelastic fluid with fractional Maxwell model in a

[11] Carpinteri A, Mainardi F. Fractals and fractional calculus in continuum mechanics (Vol.

[12] Hilfer R. Threefold introduction to fractional derivatives. Anomalous transport: Founda-

[13] Gorenflo R, Mainardi F, Moretti D, Paradisi P. Time fractional diffusion: A discrete

[14] Ali F, Jan SAA, Khan I, Gohar M, Sheikh NA. Solutions with special functions for time fractional free convection flow of brinkman-type fluid. The European Physical Journal

[15] Shahid N. A study of heat and mass transfer in a fractional MHD flow over an infinite

[16] Caputo M, Fabrizio M. A new definition of fractional derivative without singular kernel.

[17] Shah NA, Khan I. Heat transfer analysis in a second grade fluid over and oscillating vertical plate using fractional Caputo–Fabrizio derivatives. The European Physical Jour-

[18] Ali F, Saqib M, Khan I, Sheikh NA. Application of Caputo-Fabrizio derivatives to MHD free convection flow of generalized Walters'-B fluid model. The European Physical Jour-

Progress in Fractional Differentiation and Applications. 2015;1(2):1-13

model between coaxial cylinders. Acta Mechanica Sinica. 2006;22(4):301-305

channel. Mechanics Research Communications. 2007;34(2):210-212

random walk approach. Nonlinear Dynamics. 2002;29(1):129-143

378). Verlag GmbH Wien: Spring; 2014

oscillating plate. SpringerPlus. 2015;4(1):640

tions and applications. 2008:17-73

Plus. 2016;131(9):310

nal C. 2016;76(7):1-11

nal Plus. 2016;131(10):377

Mathematical Models. London, UK: World Scientific; 2010


**Chapter 11**

Provisional chapter

**Performance Evaluation Criterion of Nanofluid**

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.74610

In this chapter, we will discuss the increase of heat transfer as well as the increase in pressure drop to determine whether nanofluid is feasible for use in practical applications. Addition of nanoparticles will change the thermal properties of the cooling fluid, by calculation with performance evaluation criterion (PEC). If PEC < 1, then the heat transfer performance is less than the pumping power, so the system is not feasible for use in increasing heat transfer. If PEC = 1, then the heat transfer performance is smaller equal to the pumping power so that the system does not have an impact on increasing heat transfer. If PEC > 1, then the heat transfer performance is higher than the energy used to drive the fluid or pumping power, and then it can be accepted as a solution to the problem of increasing heat transfer, so that the system is feasible for use in practical applications.

Keywords: nanofluid, performance evaluation criterion, heat transfer enhancement,

Today, energy becomes very important in human life; it is used to help human beings activity every day. Without energy, humans will be paralyzed and cannot do anything. Energy savings are a challenging topic to be investigated by scientists. The heat exchanger is a device widely used in the chemical, automotive, electronic, and food industries and involves heat transfer processes that directly influence the economy of these industries. Enhancement of heat transfer is one of the ways used for energy saving. Various methods have been done for the use of energy savings; both are the passive and active methods [1–3]. Passive enhancement methods include a surface coating, rough and finned surfaces, insertion devices, curved geometry, and nanofluid. Active method enhancement needed external energy to maintain the enhancement of the mechanism. Active methods include surface vibration, fluid fibration, electrohydrodynamics (EHD),

> © 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and eproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Performance Evaluation Criterion of Nanofluid

Sudarmadji Sudarmadji, Bambang SAP and

Sudarmadji Sudarmadji, Bambang SAP and Santoso

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.74610

Santoso

Abstract

pressure drop

1. Introduction

#### **Performance Evaluation Criterion of Nanofluid** Performance Evaluation Criterion of Nanofluid

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.74610

Sudarmadji Sudarmadji, Bambang SAP and Santoso Sudarmadji Sudarmadji, Bambang SAP and Santoso Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.74610

#### Abstract

In this chapter, we will discuss the increase of heat transfer as well as the increase in pressure drop to determine whether nanofluid is feasible for use in practical applications. Addition of nanoparticles will change the thermal properties of the cooling fluid, by calculation with performance evaluation criterion (PEC). If PEC < 1, then the heat transfer performance is less than the pumping power, so the system is not feasible for use in increasing heat transfer. If PEC = 1, then the heat transfer performance is smaller equal to the pumping power so that the system does not have an impact on increasing heat transfer. If PEC > 1, then the heat transfer performance is higher than the energy used to drive the fluid or pumping power, and then it can be accepted as a solution to the problem of increasing heat transfer, so that the system is feasible for use in practical applications.

Keywords: nanofluid, performance evaluation criterion, heat transfer enhancement, pressure drop

#### 1. Introduction

Today, energy becomes very important in human life; it is used to help human beings activity every day. Without energy, humans will be paralyzed and cannot do anything. Energy savings are a challenging topic to be investigated by scientists. The heat exchanger is a device widely used in the chemical, automotive, electronic, and food industries and involves heat transfer processes that directly influence the economy of these industries. Enhancement of heat transfer is one of the ways used for energy saving. Various methods have been done for the use of energy savings; both are the passive and active methods [1–3]. Passive enhancement methods include a surface coating, rough and finned surfaces, insertion devices, curved geometry, and nanofluid. Active method enhancement needed external energy to maintain the enhancement of the mechanism. Active methods include surface vibration, fluid fibration, electrohydrodynamics (EHD),

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and eproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

and the use of the magnetic field. Over the past few decades, the effect of high electric fields on the rate of heat transfer is widely known as electrohydrodynamics (EHD), [4] and the effect of the magnetic field on magnetic iron oxide particle (Fe3O4) numerically has been investigated using control volume finite element method (CVFEM) [5]. However, when the available space is limited by the process, it is interesting to use the device with the same size or smaller with better performance. It can be achieved by modifying the cooling with higher thermal conductivity to enhance the heat transfer coefficient when compared with that of conventional fluids for the same geometry.

The objective of this chapter is to how to decrease the size of the thermal system or to increase their transferred thermal power using nanofluid. Nanofluids are colloidal suspensions of nanoparticles which are engineered to have the thermal conductivity higher than that of the base fluid and which can be used for this purpose [6, 7]. However, together with thermal conductivity enhancement, the viscosity is increased, and the gain in transferred heat is paid regarding pumping power. There is a competition between heat transfer rate and pumper power.
