2.1. Preparation methods of nanofluid

For producing high quality of nanofluids, some special conditions are prerequisites, e.g., stable suspension, permanent suspension, no particle agglomeration, and no chemical change of the fluids. Nanofluid preparation is a critical task with the use of nanoparticles for improving the thermal conductivity of base fluid. Fundamentally, there are two methods for producing nanofluids, i.e., (1) two-step method and (2) one-step method.
