Author details

5. The lubricating performance of oil-based nanofluid is better than that of water-based

The NMQLC technique has been applied by a large number of researchers and can obtain good lubrication and cooling effect. However, there are three points of misgivings based on the summary of available literatures. In order to achieve precision control of the grinding temper-

1. Most researchers prepare nanofluid using oil or water as base fluid and all can obtain good lubrication or cooling effect close to that of flood lubrication; however, for the addition of nanoparticles into ester, Sridharan and Malkin [69] did not get the ideal result. It is found that when using plain ester oil as base medium, workpiece thermal distortion for NMQLC grinding was reduced by about the same relative amount as the specific energy compared with pure ester oil, which suggests that the addition of nanoparicles to ester oil maybe had

2. Li et al. [68] investigated NMQLC grinding temperature using different workpiece materials: 45 steel, Ni based alloy, and cast iron. Experimental results on specific grinding force and grinding temperature revealed that the grinding condition is inapplicable to grinding 45 steel, indicating that the NMQLC method is not applicable to all workpiece materials.

3. Only a few researchers have studied the effect of nanofluid parameters, including the nanoparticle concentration and size, on grinding performance. Some researchers have proved that a higher nanoparticle concentration is more effective for reducing grinding forces [43, 70]. But for the effect of particle size, there is no unified conclusion. The conclusion of Lee [43] and Yang [52] is that the smaller size of nanoparticles is more effective for reducing grinding forces and temperature; Mao [50] found that, when the diameter of nanoparticle increases, tangential grinding force and temperature decreases

This research was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51575290), Major Research Project of Shandong Province (2017GGX30135) and Shandong

Provincial Natural Science Foundation, China (ZR2017PEE011 and ZR2017PEE002).

nanofluid and the cooling effect is just reverse.

ature field, more attention is needed to study these misgivings:

6. Recommendations for future research

74 Microfluidics and Nanofluidics

no significant effect on workpiece cooling.

slightly while the surface finish is deteriorated.

Acknowledgements

Nomenclature

CNT carbon nanotubes

EHD electro-hydro-dynamic

Min Yang<sup>1</sup> , Changhe Li<sup>1</sup> \*, Yanbin Zhang<sup>1</sup> , Dongzhou Jia<sup>1</sup> , Runze Li<sup>2</sup> and Wenfeng Ding<sup>3</sup>

\*Address all correspondence to: sy\_lichanghe@163.com

1 School of Mechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, China

2 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

3 College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China
