Preface

Chapter 8 **Utilization of By‐Product Materials in Ultra High‐Performance Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Composites 113**

Chapter 9 **Tire-Derived Aggregate Cementitious Materials: A Review of**

Fariborz M. Tehrani and Nathan M. Miller

Chameera Udawattha and Rangika Halwatura

Chapter 13 **Cements for High-Temperature Geothermal Wells 221** Tatiana Pyatina and Toshifumi Sugama

Chapter 14 **Clay-Based Materials in Geopolymer Technology 239**

Yong and Muhammad Faheem Mohd Tahir

Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah, Liew Yun Ming, Heah Cheng

Halim Hammi, Amal Brichni, Salima Aggoun and Adel Mnif

Majed A. A. Aldahdooh

**VI** Contents

**Section 3 Calcium Phosphate Cement 189**

**Section 4 Alkali Activated Cements 237**

Erdem Şahin

Chapter 12 **Calcium Phosphate Bone Cements 191**

**Mechanical Properties 135**

Chapter 10 **Alternative Stabilizer for Mud Concrete 151**

Chapter 11 **Sorel Cements from Tunisian Natural Brines 173**

Cement-based materials are hydraulic binders. Upon hydration, they produce materials with improved physical and mechanical properties. The nature of the cement-based materi‐ als allows its utilization in several applications today.

The book at hand, *Cement-Based Materials*, was compiled to represent advances in the devel‐ opment and application of these materials in different fields, which aim to ensure their sus‐ tainability. Carefully selected authorships from different countries contributed in this book.

Within this book, the recent research activities in four topics related to "cement-based mate‐ rials" are included, namely, properties of cement-based materials, green cement, calcium phosphate cement, and alkali-activated cement. The book is dedicated to researchers and undergraduate students who are involved in these fields; we hope that this book is helpful and provides inspiration for readers during their work/studies. In addition, we strongly be‐ lieve that the issue also attracts the attention of representatives of the cement industry and cement-based materials.

We provided the introductory chapter on cement-based materials, their properties, and their applications, with a special reference to the hydration chemistry.

We are tremendously optimistic that the exploratory and scientific attempts collected and summarized in the book at hand will encourage researchers all over the globe to deepen their activities in this field and to attract the interest of undergraduates as well as of progres‐ sive representatives from the relevant industrial sectors. Primarily, these activities shall boost the impatiently desired breakthrough of "cement" manufacturing processes, which reasonably merit this designation.

We especially acknowledge Ms. Anita Condic, Author Service Manager, for her successful cooperation, exceptional efforts, and prompt reply to our requests. Again, we would like to thank cordially all the contributors to this concern for their supreme work.

> **Hosam El-Din M. Saleh, PhD and Rehab O. Abdel Rahman, PhD** Atomic Energy Authority Egypt

**Section 1**

**Properties of Cement Based Material**

**Properties of Cement Based Material**

**Chapter 1**

Provisional chapter

**Introductory Chapter: Properties and Applications of**

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.73784

Cement-based materials have been used to support human civilizations many decades ago. With the increasing advancement of human activities, these materials were modified to maintain their roles in our lives. The main function of cement is to act as hydraulic binder, which increases the bond between fragmented particles, so it can enable their use in different fields. The resulted material will have different physical and mechanical properties from the initial materials. These changed properties are attributed to the exothermic hydration reactions that are initiated upon mixing the binder with water. The liberated localized heat will lead irreversible rearrangement of water molecules within the framework microstructure [1–3]. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is the most widely used cement. It is prepared by crushing, milling, and mixing calcium, iron, silica, alumina, and sulfate sources with certain amounts. Then, hydraulic cement is passed to the kiln to produce clinker, which is subsequently cooled and pulverized. Portland cement is categorized into eight subgroups according to the ASTM C150, namely normal (type I), moderate sulfate resistance (type II), high early strength (type III), low heat of hydration (type IV), high sulfate resistance (type V), normal, moderate sulfate resistance, and high early resistance with air entraining (types IA, IIA, IIIA), respectively [4]. There are four principal unhydrated phases present in all OPC types, namely tricalcium silicate (Ca3SiO5), dicalcium silicate (Ca2SiO4), tricalcium aluminate (Ca3Al2O5), and calcium aluminoferrite (Ca4AlnFe2-nO7). The formula of each of these minerals can be broken down into the basic calcium, silicon, aluminum, and iron oxides (Table 1). Cement chemists use abbreviated nomenclature based on oxides of various elements to indicate chemical formulae of relevant species, that is, C = CaO, S = SiO2, A = Al2O3, and F = Fe2O3. Hence, traditional cement

> © 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and eproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Introductory Chapter: Properties and Applications of

**Cement-Based Materials**

Cement-Based Materials

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.73784

1. Introduction

Hosam M. Saleh and Rehab O. Abdel Rahman

Hosam M. Saleh and Rehab O. Abdel Rahman

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

nomenclature abbreviates each oxide as shown in Table 1 [1].

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

#### **Introductory Chapter: Properties and Applications of Cement-Based Materials** Introductory Chapter: Properties and Applications of Cement-Based Materials

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.73784

Hosam M. Saleh and Rehab O. Abdel Rahman Hosam M. Saleh and Rehab O. Abdel Rahman

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.73784
