5. Applications of cement-based materials

#### 5.1. Construction

The application of OPC and its blends is widely applied in construction engineering. Table 3 illustrates the use of different OPC and OPC blend types in constructions. Aluminate cement concrete is applied in the construction of industrial floors and refractory castables, where the floor must resist chemical, heat, and corrosion [4]. Moreover, decorative tiles, building bricks, and light concrete were performed [18]. Sulfate cement is used in repairing pavement and concrete structures and for places where aggressive chemicals exist.


Table 3. OPC and OPC-blend applications in construction [1, 3, 4].

#### 5.2. Environmental aspects

3.4. Soundness

8 Cement Based Materials

4. Cement composites

organic solvent with cement [16, 17].

Purpose OPC OPC blend Applications

(SP), S, P

II IS, IP, P, I(PM), I(SM)

II IS, IP, I(PM), I (SM)

Table 3. OPC and OPC-blend applications in construction [1, 3, 4].

General use I IS, IP, I(PM), I

Resist sulfate attack

Early strength

Hydration heat

5.1. Construction

5. Applications of cement-based materials

concrete structures and for places where aggressive chemicals exist.

V — High sulfate concentration media

gravity dams

It is the ability of the hardened cement paste to retain its original volume, and the presence of free lime or magnesium oxide can reduce the soundness of the cement-based materials.

Different materials are used as additive to cement to improve the cement characterizations. The mechanical properties of the newly formulated composites were improved. Cement-waste fiber composite was produced due to the incorporation of waste fibers in cementitious materials and used in radioactive waste immobilization [6–9]. Polymers also were impregnated with cement to increase the durability and reduce the porosity of cement, producing favorable composite suitable for many applications and resistive to various aggressive conditions [10–15]. Natural additives such as clay were mixed progressively with cement to treat the retardation property of

The application of OPC and its blends is widely applied in construction engineering. Table 3 illustrates the use of different OPC and OPC blend types in constructions. Aluminate cement concrete is applied in the construction of industrial floors and refractory castables, where the floor must resist chemical, heat, and corrosion [4]. Moreover, decorative tiles, building bricks, and light concrete were performed [18]. Sulfate cement is used in repairing pavement and

pipe, precast concrete products

III — Used in cold weather to shorten the curing period

For all uses including pavements, floors, reinforced concrete buildings, bridges,

Moderate heat of hydration is required, in large structure in warm places, that is,

Where moderate sulfate concentration exists, that is, drainage structure, sea structures, and soil structure should be used at low water to cement ration

IV p Low heat of hydration is required in massive concrete structures, such as large

large piers, large foundations, and thick retaining walls

The application of cement-based material in environmental protection and restoration is increasing, and they are used in radiation shielding in nuclear industry, cutoff walls in remediation activities, stabilization of contaminated soil, engineering barriers in disposal facilities, and waste immobilization matrices [19–34]. This wide range of applications is supported by their technical properties, where they have low diffusion coefficients and have available sorption sites; their alkaline environments reduce the mobility of different contaminants and flexibility of modification. In nuclear and radioactive waste industries, they are used as shield due to their good selfshielding performance, and they are suitable to solidify different radioactive waste streams, that is, sludge, emulsified organic liquid, fragmented solids, and exhausted ion exchangers, due to their chemical, radiological, thermal, mechanical, and physical stability. The economic value of these materials plays an important role in their widespread applications, as they are inexpensive and readily available, and has reduced operational cost (which is related to the simplicity of operation and operation at ambient temperature) [20–30]. To ensure the sustainability of these materials for the intended use, they need to be tested to evaluate their strength, radiation, biological and thermal stabilities, free water content, porosity, permeability, corrosion, leaching, dissolution rates, and release mechanisms.
