**Technologies and Industries**

[17] Hertin J, Jacob K, Pesch U, Pacchi C. The production and use of knowledge in regulatory impact assessment – An empirical analysis. Forest Policy and Economics. 2009;

[18] Noland RB. Transport planning and environmental assessment: Implication of induced traveal effects. International Journal of Sustainable Transprotation. 2007;**1**(1):1-28 [19] IPCC-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Available from: http://ipcc.ch/

[20] Boyer K, Verma R. Operations and Supply Chain Management for the 21st Century.

[21] Greenhalgh C, Rogers M. Innovation Intellectual Property, and Economic Growth. Prin-

[22] TUV Rheinland. Available from: http://www.tuv.com/en/corporate/home.jsp [Accessed:

[24] Alliance for Wireless Power. Available from: http://www.a4wp.org/ [Accessed: 2017-12-10] [25] Plugless Power. Available from: http://www.pluglesspower.com/go-plugless [Accessed:

[26] Kim J, Rahimi M, Newell J. Life-cycle emissions from port electrification: A case study of cargo handling tractors at the Port of Los Angeles. International Journal of Sustainable

[27] Letcher T. Future Energy: Improved, Sustainable and Clean Options for our Planet. 2nd

[28] California Energy Commission. 2007 Integrated Energy Policy Report [Internet]. Available

[29] Radio Taiwan International. Full EV in Taiwan by 2040 [Internet]. Available from: http:// news.rti.org.tw/news/detail/?\_lang=zh-tw&recirdld=382211&p=27 [Accessed: 2017-12-10]

from: http://www.energy.ca.gov/2007\_energypolicy/ [Accessed: 2017-12-10]

[23] Better Place. Available from: http://www.betterplace.com [Accessed: 2016-4-16]

**11**(5-6):413-421

2017-12-10]

2017-5-10]

[Accessed: 2017-12-10]

82 Energy Management for Sustainable Development

Cengage Learning; 2009. p. 592

ceton University Press; 2010. p. 384

Transportation. 2012;**6**(6):321-337

ed. Elsevier; 2013. p. 738

**Chapter 5**

**Provisional chapter**

**Clean Energy Management**

**Clean Energy Management**

Ali Samadiafshar and Atiyye Ghorbani

Ali Samadiafshar and Atiyye Ghorbani

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.75452

**Abstract**

**1. Introduction**

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

energy management, optimization energy recovery

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.75452

Energy is at the heart of most critical economic, environmental and developmental issues facing the world today. Clean, efficient, affordable and reliable energy services are indispensable for global prosperity. Energy management and optimization solution can help reduce energy costs while improving mill operational performance. Therefore, the focus of this chapter is on energy-related issues and it discusses dedicated technological solutions to the growing global needs for sustainable development. In addition, there are a number of other issues, including the latest innovations in terms of clean energy in industry and infrastructure, and improving operational efficiency will be discussed in this chapter. **Keywords:** green energy, clean energy, renewable energy, hybrid energy systems,

Access to reliable, affordable and sustainable energy is essential for improving living standards, development and economic growth [1]. To overcome poverty and improve people health in developing country, it is essential to expand access to reliable and clean energy. In this way, they will be able to increase productivity and promoting economic growth. [2]. Challenges such as fuel shortages, high energy costs, global warming and environmental issues must drive policies that target more affordable and sustainable energy solutions [3]. In essence, one way to overcome poverty, promote health and educational services and enhance socioeconomic development is to ensure reliable, sustainable and affordable energy for everyone. Thus, by considering the mentioned issues, at first clean energy including geothermal energy, biogas and biomass, fuel cells, water-dependent energy, hydrogen energy, hybrid energy systems and in continuation, energy management and optimization are discussed in this chapter.

> © 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

#### **Chapter 5 Provisional chapter**

#### **Clean Energy Management Clean Energy Management**

Ali Samadiafshar and Atiyye Ghorbani Ali Samadiafshar and Atiyye Ghorbani

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.75452

#### **Abstract**

Energy is at the heart of most critical economic, environmental and developmental issues facing the world today. Clean, efficient, affordable and reliable energy services are indispensable for global prosperity. Energy management and optimization solution can help reduce energy costs while improving mill operational performance. Therefore, the focus of this chapter is on energy-related issues and it discusses dedicated technological solutions to the growing global needs for sustainable development. In addition, there are a number of other issues, including the latest innovations in terms of clean energy in industry and infrastructure, and improving operational efficiency will be discussed in this chapter.

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.75452

**Keywords:** green energy, clean energy, renewable energy, hybrid energy systems, energy management, optimization energy recovery

#### **1. Introduction**

Access to reliable, affordable and sustainable energy is essential for improving living standards, development and economic growth [1]. To overcome poverty and improve people health in developing country, it is essential to expand access to reliable and clean energy. In this way, they will be able to increase productivity and promoting economic growth. [2]. Challenges such as fuel shortages, high energy costs, global warming and environmental issues must drive policies that target more affordable and sustainable energy solutions [3]. In essence, one way to overcome poverty, promote health and educational services and enhance socioeconomic development is to ensure reliable, sustainable and affordable energy for everyone. Thus, by considering the mentioned issues, at first clean energy including geothermal energy, biogas and biomass, fuel cells, water-dependent energy, hydrogen energy, hybrid energy systems and in continuation, energy management and optimization are discussed in this chapter.

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

#### **2. Clean energy**

Today, the political and economic crises and other issues, such as the limitation of fossil fuels, environmental concerns, population congestion, economic growth, and consumption rates, are all subjects of the inclusive world, which, with all its widespread implications, have led thinkers to find the right solutions for the proper resolution of world energy problems especially the environmental crisis, has been involved. Obviously, today, the economic and political backing of the countries depends on their productivity from fossil sources, and the depletion of fossil resources is not only a threat to the economies of the exporting countries, but also has created a major concern for the importing economies of the nations. Fortunately, most countries in the world have recognized the importance and role of various energy sources, especially renewable (new) energies, in meeting current and future needs, and broadly exploit these resourceful resources in the development of extensive research and fundamentals [4]. The global tendency toward the exploitation of renewable energy and environmental impacts requires that many organizations and centers interested in implementing projects in this field. Energy is a major requirement for the continuation of economic development and the comfort of human life. At present, world energy consumption is about 10 billion tons of crude per year, and it is expected that this figure will increase to 14 billion tons in 2020. These numbers indicate that the world's energy consumption is huge in the future, and this important question is whether the sources of fossil fuels will meet the world's energy needs for survival, evolution and development in the next century. For at least three main reasons, the answer to this question is negative and old resources should replace new sources of energy. These reasons include limitation of fossil fuels, combustion quality and environmental problems.

**2.1. The importance of clean energies**

especially wind energy.

**2.2. Type of clean energies**

*2.2.1. Geothermal energy*

Today, new energies are rapidly expanding and penetrating in spite of the unknown, and neglecting it will be irreversible. Solar energy, wind, water, biomass, biogas, and geothermal energy are the main sources of clean energy. The conventional energies such as oil cuts, which is currently the main source of energy supplies in the world, have environmental and

peratures, melting ice poles, eliminating the ozone layer, and so on, so the human knowledge movement in the future should provide energy for the world toward the world's energy sup-

The occurrence of the three factors in 1995 has created a turning point for renewable energy,

It should be taken into account that, in fact, for every kilowatt-hour of electricity produced

sions are reduced. In addition, the reduction of sulfur and nitrate oxides (acid rain agents) is

Nowadays, importance of greenhouse gas emission encourages many industries to concentrate on clean and renewable energies. It grows rapidly these years and generates hundreds of billions in economic activity. Dominant focuses are on solar, wind, geothermal, bioenergy and nuclear energies. These are clean energy ensure sustainable development in countries. To

Heat generated and stored in the earth is the origin of a clean energy named geothermal energy. Formation of the planet and radioactive decay of material generates the energy of earth's crust. [4]. Temperature difference between core and surface of earth results in continues conduction of thermal energy from core to surface [5]. Temperature at core–mantle boundary may reach over 4000°C (7200°F) [6].Some rocks melt and Solid mantle behave plasticity because of high temperature and pressure inside earth and it is a suitable source of energy. The high temperature and pressure in Earth's interior cause some rock to melt and solid mantle to behave plastically, resulting in portions of the mantle convicting upward since it is lighter than the surrounding rock. Rock and water is heated in the crust, sometimes up to 370°C (700°F) [7]. The Earth's

for every 1% of the energy used to be replaced by wind energy, about 13% of CO<sup>2</sup>

• First, climate change due to the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere;

, increasing ground tem-

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87

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will be prevented. So, for example,

emis-

irreversible pollutants in the earth and space, such as increasing CO<sup>2</sup>

• Second, increased demand for energy from electricity worldwide;

ply of clean energy and its substitution with pollutants.

• Third, suitable vision on renewable energies

another source of environmental energy sources.

continue, some of them are summarized.

from renewable energy instead of coal, about 1 kg of CO<sup>2</sup>

Increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and its consequences has exposed the world with irreversible and discriminating changes. Increasing the temperature of the earth, climate change, rising sea levels, and eventually intensifying international conflicts are among the consequences. On the other hand, the impending end of fossil resources and the anticipation of rising prices encourage policy makers to propose policies for controlling the environment and researchers to develop less polluting and incendiary resources that have the potential to substitute for the current energy system. For this reason, renewable energies take on a larger share of the global energy supply system. These resources provide the opportunity to respond simultaneously to both the basic form of fossil resources. Renewable energies are essentially adaptable to nature and do not have contamination, and since they are not renewable, there is no end to them. Other features of these resources such as their dispersal and their spread throughout the world, the need for lower technology, make renewable energy, especially for developing countries, more attractive, and therefore, in international programs and policies, the role of the United Nations in promoting sustainable global development has given a special role to renewable energy sources.

#### **2.1. The importance of clean energies**

**2. Clean energy**

86 Energy Management for Sustainable Development

mental problems.

energy sources.

Today, the political and economic crises and other issues, such as the limitation of fossil fuels, environmental concerns, population congestion, economic growth, and consumption rates, are all subjects of the inclusive world, which, with all its widespread implications, have led thinkers to find the right solutions for the proper resolution of world energy problems especially the environmental crisis, has been involved. Obviously, today, the economic and political backing of the countries depends on their productivity from fossil sources, and the depletion of fossil resources is not only a threat to the economies of the exporting countries, but also has created a major concern for the importing economies of the nations. Fortunately, most countries in the world have recognized the importance and role of various energy sources, especially renewable (new) energies, in meeting current and future needs, and broadly exploit these resourceful resources in the development of extensive research and fundamentals [4]. The global tendency toward the exploitation of renewable energy and environmental impacts requires that many organizations and centers interested in implementing projects in this field. Energy is a major requirement for the continuation of economic development and the comfort of human life. At present, world energy consumption is about 10 billion tons of crude per year, and it is expected that this figure will increase to 14 billion tons in 2020. These numbers indicate that the world's energy consumption is huge in the future, and this important question is whether the sources of fossil fuels will meet the world's energy needs for survival, evolution and development in the next century. For at least three main reasons, the answer to this question is negative and old resources should replace new sources of energy. These reasons include limitation of fossil fuels, combustion quality and environ-

Increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and its consequences has exposed the world with irreversible and discriminating changes. Increasing the temperature of the earth, climate change, rising sea levels, and eventually intensifying international conflicts are among the consequences. On the other hand, the impending end of fossil resources and the anticipation of rising prices encourage policy makers to propose policies for controlling the environment and researchers to develop less polluting and incendiary resources that have the potential to substitute for the current energy system. For this reason, renewable energies take on a larger share of the global energy supply system. These resources provide the opportunity to respond simultaneously to both the basic form of fossil resources. Renewable energies are essentially adaptable to nature and do not have contamination, and since they are not renewable, there is no end to them. Other features of these resources such as their dispersal and their spread throughout the world, the need for lower technology, make renewable energy, especially for developing countries, more attractive, and therefore, in international programs and policies, the role of the United Nations in promoting sustainable global development has given a special role to renewable Today, new energies are rapidly expanding and penetrating in spite of the unknown, and neglecting it will be irreversible. Solar energy, wind, water, biomass, biogas, and geothermal energy are the main sources of clean energy. The conventional energies such as oil cuts, which is currently the main source of energy supplies in the world, have environmental and irreversible pollutants in the earth and space, such as increasing CO<sup>2</sup> , increasing ground temperatures, melting ice poles, eliminating the ozone layer, and so on, so the human knowledge movement in the future should provide energy for the world toward the world's energy supply of clean energy and its substitution with pollutants.

The occurrence of the three factors in 1995 has created a turning point for renewable energy, especially wind energy.


It should be taken into account that, in fact, for every kilowatt-hour of electricity produced from renewable energy instead of coal, about 1 kg of CO<sup>2</sup> will be prevented. So, for example, for every 1% of the energy used to be replaced by wind energy, about 13% of CO<sup>2</sup> emissions are reduced. In addition, the reduction of sulfur and nitrate oxides (acid rain agents) is another source of environmental energy sources.

#### **2.2. Type of clean energies**

Nowadays, importance of greenhouse gas emission encourages many industries to concentrate on clean and renewable energies. It grows rapidly these years and generates hundreds of billions in economic activity. Dominant focuses are on solar, wind, geothermal, bioenergy and nuclear energies. These are clean energy ensure sustainable development in countries. To continue, some of them are summarized.

#### *2.2.1. Geothermal energy*

Heat generated and stored in the earth is the origin of a clean energy named geothermal energy. Formation of the planet and radioactive decay of material generates the energy of earth's crust. [4]. Temperature difference between core and surface of earth results in continues conduction of thermal energy from core to surface [5]. Temperature at core–mantle boundary may reach over 4000°C (7200°F) [6].Some rocks melt and Solid mantle behave plasticity because of high temperature and pressure inside earth and it is a suitable source of energy. The high temperature and pressure in Earth's interior cause some rock to melt and solid mantle to behave plastically, resulting in portions of the mantle convicting upward since it is lighter than the surrounding rock. Rock and water is heated in the crust, sometimes up to 370°C (700°F) [7]. The Earth's geothermal resources are theoretically more than adequate to supply humanity's energy needs, but only a very small fraction may be profitably exploited. Drilling and exploration for deep resources is very expensive. Geothermal energy comes in either vapor-dominated or liquiddominated forms. Larderello and The Geysers are vapor-dominated [8]. Vapor-dominated sites offer temperatures from 240 to 300°C that produce superheated steam (**Figure 1**).

fractured rock and water as are needed for a conventional geothermal reservoir. GHPs circulate water or other liquids through pipes buried in a continuous loop, either horizontally or vertically, under a landscaped area, parking lot, or any number of areas around the building. There are many advantages for geothermal energy. It is a renewable source of energy, and it is non-polluting and environment friendly. In addition, there is no wastage or generation of byproducts. Geothermal energy can be used directly. In ancient times, people used this source of energy for heating homes, cooking, and so on. The maintenance cost of geothermal power plants is very less, and geothermal power plants do not occupy too much space and thus help in protecting natural environment. It should be noted that unlike solar energy, it is not dependent on the weather conditions. Beside these advantages, there are some disadvantages of geothermal energy. For example, only few sites have the potential of geothermal energy and most of the sites, where geothermal energy is produced, are far from markets or cities, where it needs to be consumed [11]. Total generation potential of this source is too small, and there is always a danger of eruption of volcano. In addition, installation cost of steam power plant is very high and there is no guarantee that the amount of energy, which is produced, will justify the capital expenditure and operation costs. Finally, it may release some harmful, poisonous

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gases that can escape through the holes drilled during construction (**Figure 2**).

**Figure 2.** Geothermal system [12]. (1: reservoir, 2: pump house, 3: heat exchanger, 4: turbine hall, 5: production well, 6: injection well, 7: hot water to district heating, 8: porous sediments, 9: observation well, 10: crystalline bedrock).

Hot dry rock reservoirs are generally hot impermeable rocks at depths shallow enough to be accessible. Although hot dry rock resources are virtually unlimited in magnitude around the world, only those at shallow depths are currently economical. To extract heat from such formations, the rock must be fractured and a fluid circulation system developed. This is known as an enhanced geothermal system (EGS) [9]. The water is then heated by way of conduction as it passes through the fractures in the rock, thus becoming a hydrothermal fluid. Hydrothermal plants in the western states now provide about 2500 megawatts of constant, reliable electricity, which meets the residential power needs for a city of 6 million people. Over 8000 megawatts are currently being produced worldwide. A variety of industries, including food processing, aquaculture farming, lumber drying, and greenhouse operations, now benefit from direct geothermal heating. The technology used to convert geothermal energy into forms usable for human consumption can be categorized into four groups. The first three: dry steam, flash steam, and binary cycle, typically use the hydrothermal fluid, pressurized brine, or EGS resources to generate electricity. The fourth type, direct use, requires only hydrothermal fluid, typically at lower temperatures, for direct use in heating buildings and other structures [10]. The addition of a small-scale electric heat pump into the system allows the use of low-temperature geothermal energy in residences and commercial buildings. Geothermal heat is used directly, without involving a power plant or a heat pump, for a variety of applications such as space heating and cooling, food preparation, hot spring bathing and spas (balneology), agriculture, aquaculture, greenhouses, and industrial processes. Uses for heating and bathing are traced back to ancient Roman times. Currently, geothermal is used for direct heating purposes at sites across the United States. U.S. installed capacity of direct use systems totals 470 MW or enough to heat 40,000 average-sized houses. Geothermal heat pumps take advantage of the Earth's relatively constant temperature at depths of about 10 ft. to 300 ft. GHPs can be used almost everywhere in the world, as they do not share the requirements of

**Figure 1.** Geothermal energy plant [12].

fractured rock and water as are needed for a conventional geothermal reservoir. GHPs circulate water or other liquids through pipes buried in a continuous loop, either horizontally or vertically, under a landscaped area, parking lot, or any number of areas around the building. There are many advantages for geothermal energy. It is a renewable source of energy, and it is non-polluting and environment friendly. In addition, there is no wastage or generation of byproducts. Geothermal energy can be used directly. In ancient times, people used this source of energy for heating homes, cooking, and so on. The maintenance cost of geothermal power plants is very less, and geothermal power plants do not occupy too much space and thus help in protecting natural environment. It should be noted that unlike solar energy, it is not dependent on the weather conditions. Beside these advantages, there are some disadvantages of geothermal energy. For example, only few sites have the potential of geothermal energy and most of the sites, where geothermal energy is produced, are far from markets or cities, where it needs to be consumed [11]. Total generation potential of this source is too small, and there is always a danger of eruption of volcano. In addition, installation cost of steam power plant is very high and there is no guarantee that the amount of energy, which is produced, will justify the capital expenditure and operation costs. Finally, it may release some harmful, poisonous gases that can escape through the holes drilled during construction (**Figure 2**).

geothermal resources are theoretically more than adequate to supply humanity's energy needs, but only a very small fraction may be profitably exploited. Drilling and exploration for deep resources is very expensive. Geothermal energy comes in either vapor-dominated or liquiddominated forms. Larderello and The Geysers are vapor-dominated [8]. Vapor-dominated sites

Hot dry rock reservoirs are generally hot impermeable rocks at depths shallow enough to be accessible. Although hot dry rock resources are virtually unlimited in magnitude around the world, only those at shallow depths are currently economical. To extract heat from such formations, the rock must be fractured and a fluid circulation system developed. This is known as an enhanced geothermal system (EGS) [9]. The water is then heated by way of conduction as it passes through the fractures in the rock, thus becoming a hydrothermal fluid. Hydrothermal plants in the western states now provide about 2500 megawatts of constant, reliable electricity, which meets the residential power needs for a city of 6 million people. Over 8000 megawatts are currently being produced worldwide. A variety of industries, including food processing, aquaculture farming, lumber drying, and greenhouse operations, now benefit from direct geothermal heating. The technology used to convert geothermal energy into forms usable for human consumption can be categorized into four groups. The first three: dry steam, flash steam, and binary cycle, typically use the hydrothermal fluid, pressurized brine, or EGS resources to generate electricity. The fourth type, direct use, requires only hydrothermal fluid, typically at lower temperatures, for direct use in heating buildings and other structures [10]. The addition of a small-scale electric heat pump into the system allows the use of low-temperature geothermal energy in residences and commercial buildings. Geothermal heat is used directly, without involving a power plant or a heat pump, for a variety of applications such as space heating and cooling, food preparation, hot spring bathing and spas (balneology), agriculture, aquaculture, greenhouses, and industrial processes. Uses for heating and bathing are traced back to ancient Roman times. Currently, geothermal is used for direct heating purposes at sites across the United States. U.S. installed capacity of direct use systems totals 470 MW or enough to heat 40,000 average-sized houses. Geothermal heat pumps take advantage of the Earth's relatively constant temperature at depths of about 10 ft. to 300 ft. GHPs can be used almost everywhere in the world, as they do not share the requirements of

offer temperatures from 240 to 300°C that produce superheated steam (**Figure 1**).

88 Energy Management for Sustainable Development

**Figure 1.** Geothermal energy plant [12].

**Figure 2.** Geothermal system [12]. (1: reservoir, 2: pump house, 3: heat exchanger, 4: turbine hall, 5: production well, 6: injection well, 7: hot water to district heating, 8: porous sediments, 9: observation well, 10: crystalline bedrock).

#### *2.2.2. Biogas*

Biomass is considered the renewable energy source with the highest potential to contribute to the energy needs of modern society for both the industrialized and developing countries worldwide. One way to get rid of waste is converting them to biogas. Biogas can be produced from raw materials such as agricultural waste, manure, municipal waste, plant material, sewage, green waste or food waste are raw materials for biogas production. This reaction takes place in the absence of oxygen. Process consists of four steps: first, raw material preparation; second, digestion (fermentation), consisting of hydrolysis, acetogenesis, acidogenesis and methanogenesis; third, conversion of the biogas to renewable electricity and useful heat with cogeneration/combined heat and power; and finally, digestate post-treatment. Methane (CH<sup>4</sup> ) and carbon dioxide (CO<sup>2</sup> ) may have small amounts of hydrogen sulfide (H<sup>2</sup> S), moisture and siloxanes are primarily biogas in second step. Then biogas can be combusted or oxidized with oxygen and the heat release from combustion is a kind of energy and use for any heating purpose. It can also be used in a gas engine to convert the energy in the gas into electricity and heat [13] (**Figure 3**) (**Table 1**).

Biogas can be compressed, the same way as natural gas is compressed to CNG, and used to power motor vehicles. Between 2009 and 2015, the number of biogas plants in Europe increased significantly from around 6000 to nearly 17,000 [18]. It has been estimated that global biomass use was around 50EJ (14000TWh) in 2010 and could more than double to around 100–150EJ by 203,037, of which 20-35EJ will be in Europe [15] In the UK, for example, biogas is estimated to have the potential to replace around 17% of vehicle fuel [16]. Biogas can be cleaned and upgraded to natural gas standards, when it becomes bio-methane. Biogas is considered a renewable resource because its production-and-use cycle is continuous, and it generates no net carbon dioxide. Organic material grows, is converted and used and then regrows in a continually repeating cycle. It should be noted that as less carbon is released when the biomass is ultimately converted to energy as carbon dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere in the growth of the primary bio-resource, therefore overall carbon emission decreases. Biogas, with the ability to control timing of generation, will provide a useful low carbon complement to intermittent renewable power generation from wind and solar [17].

*2.2.3. Fuel cell*

**Table 1.** Typical composition of biogas [14].

A fuel cell is a device that generates electricity by a chemical reaction. Every fuel cell has two electrodes called, respectively, the anode and cathode. The reactions that produce electricity take place at the electrodes. In addition, there is a media called electrolyte that transfer charged particles (proton exchange membrane) from one electrode to the other and a catalyst, which speeds the reactions at the electrodes. Fuel cells also require oxygen. First developed by William Grove in 1839, Grove was experimenting on electrolysis (the process by which water is split into hydrogen and oxygen by an electric current), when he observed that combining the same elements could also produce an electric current 1930s–1950s Francis Thomas Bacon, a British scientist, worked on developing alkaline fuel cells. He demonstrated a working stack in 1958. The technology was licensed to Pratt and Whitney where it was utilized for the Apollo spacecraft fuel cells. One great appeal of fuel cells is that they generate electricity with very little pollution because much of hydrogen and oxygen ultimately combine to produce water. The electricity produced in this way is direct in the cell. If alternating current (AC) is needed, the DC output of the fuel cell must be routed through an inverter. Fuel cells are used for primary and backup power for commercial, industrial and residential buildings and in remote or inaccessible areas. They are also used to power fuel cell vehicles, including forklifts, automobiles, busses, boats, motorcycles and submarines. There are six fuel cell technologies. Polymeric electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC), alkaline fuel cells (AFC), phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC), molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC), solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC).each of them has their own advantages and disadvantages [18]. Future development of each type will depend on them [18]. Fuel cells have three main applications so far. Transportation applications, portable electronic equipment and combined heat and power systems [19]. As compared with conventional fossil fuel propelled electric generators, the use of fuel cells had many advantages. Some are

**Compound Biogas from anaerobic fermentation Natural gas** Methane 50–85% 83–98% Carbon dioxide 15–50% 0–1.4% Nitrogen 0–1% 0.6-2.7% Hydrogen traces — Hydrogen sulfide Up to 4000 ppmv — Oxygen 0–0.5 — Ammonia trances —

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Ethane — Up to 11% Propane — Up to 3% Siloxane 0–5 mg/m<sup>3</sup> —

Wobbe Index 4.6–9.1 11.3–15.4%

**Figure 3.** Schematic of biogas plant [12].


**Table 1.** Typical composition of biogas [14].

#### *2.2.3. Fuel cell*

*2.2.2. Biogas*

90 Energy Management for Sustainable Development

(CO<sup>2</sup>

**Figure 3.** Schematic of biogas plant [12].

Biomass is considered the renewable energy source with the highest potential to contribute to the energy needs of modern society for both the industrialized and developing countries worldwide. One way to get rid of waste is converting them to biogas. Biogas can be produced from raw materials such as agricultural waste, manure, municipal waste, plant material, sewage, green waste or food waste are raw materials for biogas production. This reaction takes place in the absence of oxygen. Process consists of four steps: first, raw material preparation; second, digestion (fermentation), consisting of hydrolysis, acetogenesis, acidogenesis and methanogenesis; third, conversion of the biogas to renewable electricity and useful heat with cogeneration/com-

biogas in second step. Then biogas can be combusted or oxidized with oxygen and the heat release from combustion is a kind of energy and use for any heating purpose. It can also be used in a gas engine to convert the energy in the gas into electricity and heat [13] (**Figure 3**) (**Table 1**). Biogas can be compressed, the same way as natural gas is compressed to CNG, and used to power motor vehicles. Between 2009 and 2015, the number of biogas plants in Europe increased significantly from around 6000 to nearly 17,000 [18]. It has been estimated that global biomass use was around 50EJ (14000TWh) in 2010 and could more than double to around 100–150EJ by 203,037, of which 20-35EJ will be in Europe [15] In the UK, for example, biogas is estimated to have the potential to replace around 17% of vehicle fuel [16]. Biogas can be cleaned and upgraded to natural gas standards, when it becomes bio-methane. Biogas is considered a renewable resource because its production-and-use cycle is continuous, and it generates no net carbon dioxide. Organic material grows, is converted and used and then regrows in a continually repeating cycle. It should be noted that as less carbon is released when the biomass is ultimately converted to energy as carbon dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere in the growth of the primary bio-resource, therefore overall carbon emission decreases. Biogas, with the ability to control timing of generation, will provide a useful low carbon complement to intermittent renewable power generation from wind and solar [17].

) and carbon dioxide

S), moisture and siloxanes are primarily

bined heat and power; and finally, digestate post-treatment. Methane (CH<sup>4</sup>

) may have small amounts of hydrogen sulfide (H<sup>2</sup>

A fuel cell is a device that generates electricity by a chemical reaction. Every fuel cell has two electrodes called, respectively, the anode and cathode. The reactions that produce electricity take place at the electrodes. In addition, there is a media called electrolyte that transfer charged particles (proton exchange membrane) from one electrode to the other and a catalyst, which speeds the reactions at the electrodes. Fuel cells also require oxygen. First developed by William Grove in 1839, Grove was experimenting on electrolysis (the process by which water is split into hydrogen and oxygen by an electric current), when he observed that combining the same elements could also produce an electric current 1930s–1950s Francis Thomas Bacon, a British scientist, worked on developing alkaline fuel cells. He demonstrated a working stack in 1958. The technology was licensed to Pratt and Whitney where it was utilized for the Apollo spacecraft fuel cells. One great appeal of fuel cells is that they generate electricity with very little pollution because much of hydrogen and oxygen ultimately combine to produce water. The electricity produced in this way is direct in the cell. If alternating current (AC) is needed, the DC output of the fuel cell must be routed through an inverter. Fuel cells are used for primary and backup power for commercial, industrial and residential buildings and in remote or inaccessible areas. They are also used to power fuel cell vehicles, including forklifts, automobiles, busses, boats, motorcycles and submarines. There are six fuel cell technologies. Polymeric electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC), alkaline fuel cells (AFC), phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC), molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC), solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC).each of them has their own advantages and disadvantages [18]. Future development of each type will depend on them [18].

Fuel cells have three main applications so far. Transportation applications, portable electronic equipment and combined heat and power systems [19]. As compared with conventional fossil fuel propelled electric generators, the use of fuel cells had many advantages. Some are higher volumetric and gravimetric efficiency, low chemical, acoustic, and thermal emissions and maintenance, modularity and siting flexibility. Also this type of fuel is flexible depending on its type. Finally, most important advantage of fuel cells is that it has no pollution [20]. Some limitations should overcome to increase fuel cell application. Fuelling fuel cells is still a major problem since the production, transportation, distribution and storage of hydrogen are difficult. Moreover, reforming hydrocarbons via a former to produce hydrogen is technically challenging and not clearly environmentally friendly. The refueling and starting time of fuel cell, vehicles are longer and the driving range is shorter than in a "normal car." Fuel cell units are still handmade; therefore, it is so expensive (**Figure 4**).

vapor as major oxidation product are main advantages. Beside these, hydrogen does not found free in nature and its ignition energy is low (similar to gasoline) and is currently expensive [22]. Hydrogen storage and transport is a critical issue involving intense research. Potential hydrogen delivery systems include compressed tube trailers, liquid storage tank

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Hybrid power systems combine two or more energy conversion devices, or two or more fuels for the same device, that when integrated, overcome limitations inherent in either. Hybrid systems can address limitations in terms of fuel flexibility, efficiency, reliability, emissions and/or economics. A hybrid program can create market opportunities for emerging technologies before they are mature. Incorporating heat, power, and highly efficient devices (fuel cells, advanced materials, cooling systems, etc.) can increase overall efficiency and conserve energy for a hybrid system when compared with individual technologies. For implementation of hybrid energy system, it is essential to follow determined methodology [23]. In the methodology demand assessment, resource assessment and determination of barriers and constraints should be done that is fulfilled by hybrid renewable energy system. This can be done by combining one or more renewable energy sources with conventional energy sources. Some hybrid

Once the system configuration is selected, optimization is performed with suitable optimization technique [24]. Though a hybrid system has a bundle of advantages, there are some issues and problems related to hybrid systems have to be addressed. Most of hybrid systems require storage devices which batteries are mostly used. These batteries require continues monitoring and increase the cost, as the batteries life is limited to a few years. It is reported that the battery lifetime should increase to around years for the economic use in hybrid systems. Due to dependence of renewable sources involved in the hybrid system on weather results in the load sharing between the different sources employed for power generation, the optimum power dispatch, and the determination of cost per unit generation are not easy. The reliability of power can be ensured by incorporating weather independent sources like diesel generator or fuel cell. As the power generation from different sources of a hybrid system is comparable, a sudden change in the output power from any of the sources or a sudden change in the load can affect the system stability significantly. Individual sources of the hybrid systems have to be operated at a point that gives the most efficient generation. In fact, this may not be occurring due to that the load sharing is often not linked to the capacity or ratings of the sources.

trucks, and compressed gas pipelines, and they have high capital costs [22].

*2.2.5. Hybrid energy systems*

• PV/Wind/diesel generator

• Biomass/wind/diesel generator

• PV/Wind/Biomass/fuel cell

• PV/wind/fuel cell

• Wind/battery

renewable system configurations are as follows:

#### *2.2.4. Hydrogen energy*

Hydrogen energy makes many world dreams comes true like no chimney for stove, so clean fuel vehicles that exhaust water or an energy storage device that does not cause pollution and does not produce greenhouse gas, acid rain and chemical corrosion effects, and does not smoke, it does not have any radioactive waste, and in practice it does not use any natural fuel source. Hydrogen and fuel cells are seen by many as key solutions for the twenty-first century, enabling clean efficient production of power and heat from a range of primary energy sources [21]. Hydrogen is not a primary energy source like coal and gas. It is an energy carrier. Initially, it will be produced using existing energy systems based on different conventional primary energy carriers and sources. In the longer term, renewable energy sources will become the most important source for the production of hydrogen. Regenerative hydrogen, and hydrogen produced from nuclear sources and fossil-based energy conversion systems with capture, and safe storage (sequestration) of CO2 emissions, are almost completely carbon-free energy pathways. Like other clean energies, advantages and disadvantages of hydrogen energy should be considered. High energy yield (122 kJ/g), production from many primary energy sources, low density (large storage areas), most abundant element, wide flammability range (hydrogen engines operated on lean mixtures), high diffusivity, water

**Figure 4.** A block diagram of a fuel cell [13].

vapor as major oxidation product are main advantages. Beside these, hydrogen does not found free in nature and its ignition energy is low (similar to gasoline) and is currently expensive [22]. Hydrogen storage and transport is a critical issue involving intense research. Potential hydrogen delivery systems include compressed tube trailers, liquid storage tank trucks, and compressed gas pipelines, and they have high capital costs [22].

#### *2.2.5. Hybrid energy systems*

higher volumetric and gravimetric efficiency, low chemical, acoustic, and thermal emissions and maintenance, modularity and siting flexibility. Also this type of fuel is flexible depending on its type. Finally, most important advantage of fuel cells is that it has no pollution [20]. Some limitations should overcome to increase fuel cell application. Fuelling fuel cells is still a major problem since the production, transportation, distribution and storage of hydrogen are difficult. Moreover, reforming hydrocarbons via a former to produce hydrogen is technically challenging and not clearly environmentally friendly. The refueling and starting time of fuel cell, vehicles are longer and the driving range is shorter than in a "normal car." Fuel cell units

Hydrogen energy makes many world dreams comes true like no chimney for stove, so clean fuel vehicles that exhaust water or an energy storage device that does not cause pollution and does not produce greenhouse gas, acid rain and chemical corrosion effects, and does not smoke, it does not have any radioactive waste, and in practice it does not use any natural fuel source. Hydrogen and fuel cells are seen by many as key solutions for the twenty-first century, enabling clean efficient production of power and heat from a range of primary energy sources [21]. Hydrogen is not a primary energy source like coal and gas. It is an energy carrier. Initially, it will be produced using existing energy systems based on different conventional primary energy carriers and sources. In the longer term, renewable energy sources will become the most important source for the production of hydrogen. Regenerative hydrogen, and hydrogen produced from nuclear sources and fossil-based energy conversion systems with capture, and safe storage (sequestration) of CO2 emissions, are almost completely carbon-free energy pathways. Like other clean energies, advantages and disadvantages of hydrogen energy should be considered. High energy yield (122 kJ/g), production from many primary energy sources, low density (large storage areas), most abundant element, wide flammability range (hydrogen engines operated on lean mixtures), high diffusivity, water

are still handmade; therefore, it is so expensive (**Figure 4**).

*2.2.4. Hydrogen energy*

92 Energy Management for Sustainable Development

**Figure 4.** A block diagram of a fuel cell [13].

Hybrid power systems combine two or more energy conversion devices, or two or more fuels for the same device, that when integrated, overcome limitations inherent in either. Hybrid systems can address limitations in terms of fuel flexibility, efficiency, reliability, emissions and/or economics. A hybrid program can create market opportunities for emerging technologies before they are mature. Incorporating heat, power, and highly efficient devices (fuel cells, advanced materials, cooling systems, etc.) can increase overall efficiency and conserve energy for a hybrid system when compared with individual technologies. For implementation of hybrid energy system, it is essential to follow determined methodology [23]. In the methodology demand assessment, resource assessment and determination of barriers and constraints should be done that is fulfilled by hybrid renewable energy system. This can be done by combining one or more renewable energy sources with conventional energy sources. Some hybrid renewable system configurations are as follows:


Once the system configuration is selected, optimization is performed with suitable optimization technique [24]. Though a hybrid system has a bundle of advantages, there are some issues and problems related to hybrid systems have to be addressed. Most of hybrid systems require storage devices which batteries are mostly used. These batteries require continues monitoring and increase the cost, as the batteries life is limited to a few years. It is reported that the battery lifetime should increase to around years for the economic use in hybrid systems. Due to dependence of renewable sources involved in the hybrid system on weather results in the load sharing between the different sources employed for power generation, the optimum power dispatch, and the determination of cost per unit generation are not easy. The reliability of power can be ensured by incorporating weather independent sources like diesel generator or fuel cell. As the power generation from different sources of a hybrid system is comparable, a sudden change in the output power from any of the sources or a sudden change in the load can affect the system stability significantly. Individual sources of the hybrid systems have to be operated at a point that gives the most efficient generation. In fact, this may not be occurring due to that the load sharing is often not linked to the capacity or ratings of the sources.

• Controllable distributed energy assets including storage;

• Wide area monitoring and control equipment and communications;

• Controllable demand and the active participation of end users in, for example, system balancing and congestion management [30]. Beside all software and methodology to manage energy consumption, ISO 50001 is a sustainable business tool that helps organizations implements a flexible and robust energy management system (EMS). Effective energy management is not just good for business; it is also becoming a requirement. ISO 50001 will help organization understand how they are using various types of energy and identify realistic ways of reducing consumption, emissions and costs. The international standard outlines energy management practices that not only save the organization money today, but also in the long term; all while helping shield the bottom line from the increasing cost of energy. ISO 50001 also shows the commitment to reducing environmental impact which can help the businesses stand out from their competition. For implementing ISO 50001, first, management responsibility should be determined. After that, energy review should be done to identify baselines. Performance indicators will be used to evaluate how successfully the EMS is operating. In the next step, specific guidance on what needs to be communicated to whom as an EMS is being planned, implemented, maintained or improved. Documentation is essential for EMS and supporting information such as energy consumption bills. Non-conformities are identified via the audit process as the non-fulfillment of a requirement of the standard; corrective actions are what the actions an organization must take in order to fulfill the requirement. Finally, management review should be done to evaluate the

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The untapped use of one-dimensional energy sources such as oil in the world will definitely cause irreparable international damage to future generations in the not-so-distant future. The main objective of the evaluation and review of renewable sources is to find a suitable and cheaper place for consumable resources. The focus of this concern is between 2000 and 2020. Therefore, consideration of the environmental effects of the use of renewable energies is obvious and vital. Fortunately, the use of renewable energy sources has a much lower environmental impact than fossil fuels. Therefore, the recognition of the nature and process of formation and the interaction necessary for the exploitation of renewable energy sources should be the first priority. Each of these sources varies according to the type of energy and climatic conditions. Therefore, attention to this important point of use in which of the above fields is easier and economically more economical is one of the most important prerequisites for using these resources and the necessity of prioritizing the type

• More flexible transmission systems;

• Corrective control following network outages;

progress and achievements of the EMS.

of renewable resources is selected.

**4. Conclusion**

**Figure 5.** Block diagram of a PV/wind hybrid energy system [12].

Several factors decide load sharing like reliability of the source, economy of use, switching require between the sources, availability of fuel etc. Therefore, it is desired to evaluate the schemes to increase the efficiency to as high level as possible [25] (**Figure 5**).

#### **3. Clean energy management**

According to DIN EN 16001 or ISO 50001 definition, the ratio between achieved performance or the profits from services, goods or energy, and the energy used to achieve this is energy efficiency and based on DIN 4602, energy management is the predictive, organized and systematic coordination of the procurement, conversion, distribution and use of energy to cover requirements while taking account of ecological and economic aims. The term thus describes actions for the purpose of efficient energy handling. [26] Energy management and optimization solutions can help reduce energy costs. Energy use of buildings presents 40% of the total primary energy consumption in the United States [27]. Often, this energy is consumed inefficiently. Most of the problems predominantly arise from building technical operation and energy management. A study on commercial buildings has found that 50% of the buildings have control problems. Savings of up to 77% have been achieved by correction of control problems [28]. For optimization energy use, there should be a planning and scheduling. Real-time data form monitoring systems and production planning are necessary for scheduling. This information coupled with price and availability information from energy markets used to optimize power generation plant [29]. Significant challenges arise from the increasing connection of variable renewable energy generation. Despite their long-term benefits in terms of sustainability, renewable resources such as solar and wind powers are not only highly variable but also partially unpredictable. They, therefore, present operational challenges in assessing and mitigating risk, including issues of imbalance between generation and demand and network constraints. Additionally, there is longer term uncertainty over the technology costs and environmental policies associated with renewable generation, among other factors. These uncertainties at various time scales may imply the need for significant investment in new, more flexible 'smart grid' technologies capable of adaptation to a range of future scenarios. As laid out in [30], examples are:


#### **4. Conclusion**

Several factors decide load sharing like reliability of the source, economy of use, switching require between the sources, availability of fuel etc. Therefore, it is desired to evaluate the

According to DIN EN 16001 or ISO 50001 definition, the ratio between achieved performance or the profits from services, goods or energy, and the energy used to achieve this is energy efficiency and based on DIN 4602, energy management is the predictive, organized and systematic coordination of the procurement, conversion, distribution and use of energy to cover requirements while taking account of ecological and economic aims. The term thus describes actions for the purpose of efficient energy handling. [26] Energy management and optimization solutions can help reduce energy costs. Energy use of buildings presents 40% of the total primary energy consumption in the United States [27]. Often, this energy is consumed inefficiently. Most of the problems predominantly arise from building technical operation and energy management. A study on commercial buildings has found that 50% of the buildings have control problems. Savings of up to 77% have been achieved by correction of control problems [28]. For optimization energy use, there should be a planning and scheduling. Real-time data form monitoring systems and production planning are necessary for scheduling. This information coupled with price and availability information from energy markets used to optimize power generation plant [29]. Significant challenges arise from the increasing connection of variable renewable energy generation. Despite their long-term benefits in terms of sustainability, renewable resources such as solar and wind powers are not only highly variable but also partially unpredictable. They, therefore, present operational challenges in assessing and mitigating risk, including issues of imbalance between generation and demand and network constraints. Additionally, there is longer term uncertainty over the technology costs and environmental policies associated with renewable generation, among other factors. These uncertainties at various time scales may imply the need for significant investment in new, more flexible 'smart grid' technologies capable

schemes to increase the efficiency to as high level as possible [25] (**Figure 5**).

of adaptation to a range of future scenarios. As laid out in [30], examples are:

**3. Clean energy management**

94 Energy Management for Sustainable Development

**Figure 5.** Block diagram of a PV/wind hybrid energy system [12].

The untapped use of one-dimensional energy sources such as oil in the world will definitely cause irreparable international damage to future generations in the not-so-distant future. The main objective of the evaluation and review of renewable sources is to find a suitable and cheaper place for consumable resources. The focus of this concern is between 2000 and 2020. Therefore, consideration of the environmental effects of the use of renewable energies is obvious and vital. Fortunately, the use of renewable energy sources has a much lower environmental impact than fossil fuels. Therefore, the recognition of the nature and process of formation and the interaction necessary for the exploitation of renewable energy sources should be the first priority. Each of these sources varies according to the type of energy and climatic conditions. Therefore, attention to this important point of use in which of the above fields is easier and economically more economical is one of the most important prerequisites for using these resources and the necessity of prioritizing the type of renewable resources is selected.

#### **Author details**

Ali Samadiafshar\* and Atiyye Ghorbani

\*Address all correspondence to: ali.samadiafshar@gmail.com

South Pars Gas Complex, Assaloyeh, Iran

#### **References**

[1] Franco A, Shaker M, Kalubi D, Hostettler S. A review of sustainable energy access and technologies for healthcare facilities in the global south. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments. August 2017;**22**:92-105

[13] National Non-Food Crops Centre. NNFCC Renewable Fuels and Energy Factsheet:

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[15] Basic Information on Biogas. 2010. Archived at the Wayback Machine., www.kolumbus.

[16] Biomethane fueled vehicles the carbon neutral option. 2009. Claverton Energy

[17] Biogas: A Significant Contribution to Decarbonising Gas Markets? Oxford Institute for

[18] Giorgi L, Leccese F. Fuel cells: Technologies and applications. The Open Fuel Cells

[20] Masjuki HJ, HassanMd A. An overview of biofuel as a renewable energy source: Development and challenges. Elsevier, Procedia Engineering. 2013;**56**:39-53. DOI: 10.1016/j.

[22] Wilber T et al. Developments of electric cars and fuel cell hydrogen electric cars.

[23] Ginn C. Energy pick n' mix: Are hybrid systems the next big thing?". www.csiro.au.

[24] Denis L. Hybrid Photovoltaic Systems. Archived from the Original on 2010-11-28; 2010 [25] Negi S, Mathew L. Hybrid renewable energy system: A review. International Journal of

[26] Energy Management and Energy Optimization in the Process Industry. 2011. How does the fact that Siemens is becoming a "green company" benefit a plant operator in the

[27] D & R International Ltd. 2010 Building Energy Data Book. U.S Departement of Energy

[28] Haberl JS, Lui M, Houcek J, Athar A. Can you achieve 150% of predicted retrofit savings:

[29] Masters K. Energy Management and Optimization, www.tappi.org/content/events

[30] Moreno R, Street A, Arroyo JM, Mancarella P. Planning low-carbon electricity systems under uncertainty considering operational flexibility and smart grid technologies. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. 2017;**375**:20160305. DOI: 10.1098/rsta.

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process industry?

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**Author details**

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28 April 2010

Ali Samadiafshar\* and Atiyye Ghorbani

96 Energy Management for Sustainable Development

South Pars Gas Complex, Assaloyeh, Iran

and Assessments. August 2017;**22**:92-105

Group-8217-s-energy-sector; 2013

2008;**1**:25. DOI: 10.1038/ngeo.2007.44

10.1126/science.1235640. PMID 2370456

New York: Glacier Partners; 2009

10.1088/1748-9326/2/4/044001

[12] Available from: WWW.Wikipedia.Com

LaGeo. El Salvador: Santa Tecla; 2014

\*Address all correspondence to: ali.samadiafshar@gmail.com

[1] Franco A, Shaker M, Kalubi D, Hostettler S. A review of sustainable energy access and technologies for healthcare facilities in the global south. Sustainable Energy Technologies

[2] The Secretary-Energy General's Advisory Group on Energy and Climate Change (AGECC), Energy for a Sustainable Future, Report and Recommendations. New York;

[3] World Bank. Towards a Sustainable Energy Future for All: Directions for the World Bank Group's Energy Sector, http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/745601468 160524040/Toward-a-sustainable-energy-future-for-all-directions-for-the-World-Bank-

[4] Dye ST. Geoneutrinos and the radioactive power of the Earth. Reviews of Geophysics.

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2012;**50**(3):arXiv:1111.6099. (https://arxiv.org/abs/1111.6099)

University Press; 2002. pp. 136-137. ISBN 978-0-521-66624-4


**Chapter 6**

**Provisional chapter**

**Renewable Energy of Biogas Through Integrated**

**Renewable Energy of Biogas Through Integrated** 

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.74497

Energy is a critical requirement for economic development and specifically to improve the conditions that influence all aspects of human welfare. However, the majority of people in developing countries have no access to reliable and affordable domestic energy sources. Development of organic material as sources of renewable energy through biomass, biogas, biofuel, bioreactor, algae fuel, biohydrogen, and so on, with better biotechnology by genetic improvement, environmental manipulation, purification, packing, compressing, are important for sustainable development. Biogas becomes one of the solutions to meet the energy need in rural areas of developing countries. However, the implementation of biogas has many challenges. Biogas produced from different biosources may contain pollutants that should be removed. The quality of biogas, represented by methane enrichment, can be improved with biogas purification technology. Removing the pollutants is recommended to avoid severe downstream damage and to increase the calorific value.

**Keywords:** biogas purification, methane enrichment, organic cycles, renewable energy,

Tropical bio-geo-resource has high biomass productivity but still less economical values [1]. Integrated Bio-cycle Farming System (IBFS) is an alternative system of agriculture which harmoniously combines agricultural sectors such as agriculture, horticulture, plantation, animal husbandry, fisheries, forestry with nonagricultural aspects, such as settlements, agro-industry, tourism, industry which are managed based on landscape ecological management under one

> © 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**Organic Cycle System in Tropical System**

**Organic Cycle System in Tropical System**

Ambar Pertiwiningrum, Cahyono Agus DK and

Ambar Pertiwiningrum, Cahyono Agus DK and

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

This chapter discusses biogas purification.

sustainable development

**1. Integrated organic cycle system**

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.74497

Margaretha Arnita Wuri

Margaretha Arnita Wuri

**Abstract**

#### **Renewable Energy of Biogas Through Integrated Organic Cycle System in Tropical System Renewable Energy of Biogas Through Integrated Organic Cycle System in Tropical System**

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.74497

Ambar Pertiwiningrum, Cahyono Agus DK and Margaretha Arnita Wuri Ambar Pertiwiningrum, Cahyono Agus DK and Margaretha Arnita Wuri

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.74497

#### **Abstract**

Energy is a critical requirement for economic development and specifically to improve the conditions that influence all aspects of human welfare. However, the majority of people in developing countries have no access to reliable and affordable domestic energy sources. Development of organic material as sources of renewable energy through biomass, biogas, biofuel, bioreactor, algae fuel, biohydrogen, and so on, with better biotechnology by genetic improvement, environmental manipulation, purification, packing, compressing, are important for sustainable development. Biogas becomes one of the solutions to meet the energy need in rural areas of developing countries. However, the implementation of biogas has many challenges. Biogas produced from different biosources may contain pollutants that should be removed. The quality of biogas, represented by methane enrichment, can be improved with biogas purification technology. Removing the pollutants is recommended to avoid severe downstream damage and to increase the calorific value. This chapter discusses biogas purification.

**Keywords:** biogas purification, methane enrichment, organic cycles, renewable energy, sustainable development

#### **1. Integrated organic cycle system**

Tropical bio-geo-resource has high biomass productivity but still less economical values [1]. Integrated Bio-cycle Farming System (IBFS) is an alternative system of agriculture which harmoniously combines agricultural sectors such as agriculture, horticulture, plantation, animal husbandry, fisheries, forestry with nonagricultural aspects, such as settlements, agro-industry, tourism, industry which are managed based on landscape ecological management under one

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

integrated area [2, 3]. The cycles of energy, organic matter and carbon, water, nutrient, production, crop, money was managed through 9R (reuse, reduce, recycle, refill, replace, repair, replant, rebuild, reward) to get optimal benefits for the farmer, community, agriculture, and global environment. The system has multifunction and multiproduct (food, feed, fuel, fiber, fertilizer, pharmacy, edutainment, ecotourism) [2, 3]. They will meet with the expected basic need for daily-, monthly-, yearly- and decade's income at short-, medium- and long- term periods. IBFS was expected to provide additional benefits for farmers with small, medium and big capital, through the recycling of organic waste into renewable resources to produce high-value production, such as organic fertilizer (liquid and solid), animal feed, and sources of biogas energy [2–4].

gold (oxygen), blue gold (biogas, biomass energy, biofuel), king gold (herbal medicine), pros-

Renewable Energy of Biogas Through Integrated Organic Cycle System in Tropical System

Biogas is a combustible gas mixture which has methane as its main composition. It is formed by anaerobic decomposition process of organic compounds. Naturally, biogas is produced in swamps, bogs, rice paddies and in the sediment at the bottom of the lakes or ocean in anaerobic condition. Van Helmont recorded that the decaying organic compounds produced flammable gases so that biogas construction could be engineered. Biogas construction had been known in several centuries. In 10th century BC, biogas was used for heating bath water in Assyria [8]. The combustible gas, methane, was produced by John Dalton and Humphrey Davy's works during 1804–1808 [9]. In the 1890s, biogas was used to power street lamps in the

Methane production pathways by anaerobic decomposition consist of four stages: hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis and methanogenesis [10]. At hydrolysis stage, the long-chain molecules of biomass such as carbohydrate, protein and fat are broken down into monomers. These monomers (monosaccharides, amino acids, and long-chain fatty acids) are then broken down into long-chain acids at acidogenesis stage and converted to acetic acid by acetogenic microorganism at acetogenesis stage. Lastly, the acetic acid is converted to methane by metha-

), carbon dioxide (CO<sup>2</sup>

), hydrogen sulfide (H<sup>2</sup>

), and other gases in very small

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.74497

101

), and water vapor.

S), hydrogen (H<sup>2</sup>

UK and China. Since then, biogas technology began to be commercialized.

perity gold (tourism) and inner gold (mystic) [2, 3].

nogens at methanogenesis stage (see **Figure 1**).

Biogas composition is presented in **Table 1**.

**Figure 1.** Conversion pathways of biogas production from biomass [10].

Biogas composed of methane (CH<sup>4</sup>

amount, such as nitrogen (N<sup>2</sup>

**2. Renewable energy of biogas**

IBFS was developed by UGM through Integrated Crop Management (ICM), Integrated Nutrient Management (INM), Integrated Soil Moisture Management (IMM) and Integrated Pest Management (IPM). The system should collaborate and develop networking system between Academic, Business, Community and Government (ABCG) with economic, environmental and sociocultural approach as a characteristic of Education for Sustainable Development [2–4]. This model facilitates the learning needed to maintain and improve our quality of life and the quality of life for generations. It is about equipping individuals, communities, groups, businesses and government to live and act sustainably as well as giving them an understanding of the environmental, social and economic issues involved. Integrated farming could support for better sustainable life and environment.

The key characteristics of IBFS developed in UGM University Farm are (1) an integration of agriculture and non-agriculture sector, (2) value of environment, esthetics and economics, (3) rotation and diversity of plants, (4) artificial and functional biotechnology, nanotechnology, pro-biotic, (5) management of closed organic cycle and integration in an integrated area among ICM, IPM, IMM, INM, IVM, (6) management of integrated bioprotection and ecosystem health management, (7) landscape ecological management, agro-politan concept, (8) specific management of plant and (9) holistic and integrated system [2–4]. The IBFS has more advantages compared to the other various types of sustainable agricultural system such as: low input agricultural, integrated farming, organic farming, biodynamic, or agroforestry system.

IBFS is expected to be one alternative solution for improving land productivity, program development and environmental conservation and rural development in an integrated management [5–7]. They will meet with the expected basic need at short-, medium- and longterm for food, clothing and shelter. Thus, IBFS could provide income at daily-, monthly-, yearly- and decade's term for farmers. The role of micro-, meso- and macro-organisms on biogeochemical and nutrient cycling in increasing of land productivity is very important. Microorganisms are able to provide essential nutrients to plants through both mutualistic symbiotic and nonsymbiotic.

IBFS was expected to provide additional benefits for farmers with small, medium and big capital through the recycling of organic waste into renewable resources to produce high-value production, such as organic fertilizer (liquid and solid), animal feed, and sources of bio-gas energy [2–4]. That will be a good prospect that organic farming can provide sustainable economic, environment and sociocultural aspect. IBFS can produce "gold of life," such as yellow gold (food, rice, corn), green gold (vegetables), brown gold (plantation wood), red gold (meat), white gold (milk, fish), black gold (organic fertilizer), transparent gold (water), gas gold (oxygen), blue gold (biogas, biomass energy, biofuel), king gold (herbal medicine), prosperity gold (tourism) and inner gold (mystic) [2, 3].

#### **2. Renewable energy of biogas**

integrated area [2, 3]. The cycles of energy, organic matter and carbon, water, nutrient, production, crop, money was managed through 9R (reuse, reduce, recycle, refill, replace, repair, replant, rebuild, reward) to get optimal benefits for the farmer, community, agriculture, and global environment. The system has multifunction and multiproduct (food, feed, fuel, fiber, fertilizer, pharmacy, edutainment, ecotourism) [2, 3]. They will meet with the expected basic need for daily-, monthly-, yearly- and decade's income at short-, medium- and long- term periods. IBFS was expected to provide additional benefits for farmers with small, medium and big capital, through the recycling of organic waste into renewable resources to produce high-value production, such

as organic fertilizer (liquid and solid), animal feed, and sources of biogas energy [2–4].

farming could support for better sustainable life and environment.

symbiotic and nonsymbiotic.

100 Energy Management for Sustainable Development

IBFS was developed by UGM through Integrated Crop Management (ICM), Integrated Nutrient Management (INM), Integrated Soil Moisture Management (IMM) and Integrated Pest Management (IPM). The system should collaborate and develop networking system between Academic, Business, Community and Government (ABCG) with economic, environmental and sociocultural approach as a characteristic of Education for Sustainable Development [2–4]. This model facilitates the learning needed to maintain and improve our quality of life and the quality of life for generations. It is about equipping individuals, communities, groups, businesses and government to live and act sustainably as well as giving them an understanding of the environmental, social and economic issues involved. Integrated

The key characteristics of IBFS developed in UGM University Farm are (1) an integration of agriculture and non-agriculture sector, (2) value of environment, esthetics and economics, (3) rotation and diversity of plants, (4) artificial and functional biotechnology, nanotechnology, pro-biotic, (5) management of closed organic cycle and integration in an integrated area among ICM, IPM, IMM, INM, IVM, (6) management of integrated bioprotection and ecosystem health management, (7) landscape ecological management, agro-politan concept, (8) specific management of plant and (9) holistic and integrated system [2–4]. The IBFS has more advantages compared to the other various types of sustainable agricultural system such as: low input agri-

IBFS is expected to be one alternative solution for improving land productivity, program development and environmental conservation and rural development in an integrated management [5–7]. They will meet with the expected basic need at short-, medium- and longterm for food, clothing and shelter. Thus, IBFS could provide income at daily-, monthly-, yearly- and decade's term for farmers. The role of micro-, meso- and macro-organisms on biogeochemical and nutrient cycling in increasing of land productivity is very important. Microorganisms are able to provide essential nutrients to plants through both mutualistic

IBFS was expected to provide additional benefits for farmers with small, medium and big capital through the recycling of organic waste into renewable resources to produce high-value production, such as organic fertilizer (liquid and solid), animal feed, and sources of bio-gas energy [2–4]. That will be a good prospect that organic farming can provide sustainable economic, environment and sociocultural aspect. IBFS can produce "gold of life," such as yellow gold (food, rice, corn), green gold (vegetables), brown gold (plantation wood), red gold (meat), white gold (milk, fish), black gold (organic fertilizer), transparent gold (water), gas

cultural, integrated farming, organic farming, biodynamic, or agroforestry system.

Biogas is a combustible gas mixture which has methane as its main composition. It is formed by anaerobic decomposition process of organic compounds. Naturally, biogas is produced in swamps, bogs, rice paddies and in the sediment at the bottom of the lakes or ocean in anaerobic condition. Van Helmont recorded that the decaying organic compounds produced flammable gases so that biogas construction could be engineered. Biogas construction had been known in several centuries. In 10th century BC, biogas was used for heating bath water in Assyria [8]. The combustible gas, methane, was produced by John Dalton and Humphrey Davy's works during 1804–1808 [9]. In the 1890s, biogas was used to power street lamps in the UK and China. Since then, biogas technology began to be commercialized.

Methane production pathways by anaerobic decomposition consist of four stages: hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis and methanogenesis [10]. At hydrolysis stage, the long-chain molecules of biomass such as carbohydrate, protein and fat are broken down into monomers. These monomers (monosaccharides, amino acids, and long-chain fatty acids) are then broken down into long-chain acids at acidogenesis stage and converted to acetic acid by acetogenic microorganism at acetogenesis stage. Lastly, the acetic acid is converted to methane by methanogens at methanogenesis stage (see **Figure 1**).

Biogas composed of methane (CH<sup>4</sup> ), carbon dioxide (CO<sup>2</sup> ), and other gases in very small amount, such as nitrogen (N<sup>2</sup> ), hydrogen sulfide (H<sup>2</sup> S), hydrogen (H<sup>2</sup> ), and water vapor. Biogas composition is presented in **Table 1**.

**Figure 1.** Conversion pathways of biogas production from biomass [10].


firewood for cooking [16]. Based on the study conducted by National Electricity Company of Indonesia, around one million units of biogas plant were able to save 900 million liters of

Renewable Energy of Biogas Through Integrated Organic Cycle System in Tropical System

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103

Biogas also has benefits in mitigating and overcoming organic waste issue [18]. Anaerobic decomposition of biogas is a suitable and efficient technology for organic waste management [3]. Organic wastes that are commonly used as substrate to produce biogas are from livestock manure, agricultural waste, sewage sludge, human waste, and so on [19]. If these wastes are not handled properly, they will decompose naturally and emit GHGs. Moreover, the untreated organic waste will cause bad smell and potentially contaminate the aquatic life [15]. On the other hand, the organic waste has the potential to generate energy. Therefore, many researchers investigated the best way to convert organic waste into energy. Moreover, biogas implementation can be integrated with agriculture and livestock development. It means that no waste is generated from the life cycles of agriculture and livestock sectors (close loop). Organic waste is directly used as substrate in biogas production, and the waste from biogas

Benefits of biogas system for users, society and environment in general are as follows [20]:

• Improvement of hygienic conditions through reduction of pathogens, worm egg and flies

• Positive environmental externalities through protection of soil, water, air and woody

• Reduction of workload, mainly for women in firewood collecting and cooking

• Economic benefits through energy and fertilizer substitution as income sources

kerosene or 700,000 tons of LPG per year [17].

production can be used as organic fertilizer (see **Figure 2**).

• Transformation of organic waste into high-quality fertilizer

• Production of energy (heat, light and electricity)

vegetation

**Figure 2.** Integrated biogas installation [17].

**Table 1.** Biogas composition [11, 12].

The spread of biogas technology gained momentum in the 1970s, when oil price became higher. It became the motivation for finding alternative energy sources such as biogas. The intensive effort in developing biogas began in the 1900s. The fastest growth of biogas was found in developing countries such as Asian, Latin American and African countries. In developing countries, where energy was in short supply and expensive, anaerobic decomposition had a far relevance to meet energy needs. Stoves, refrigerators and engines were appliances commonly fuelled by biogas. India and China became the role model countries of biogas development in Southeast Asia. India had built their first anaerobic digester in 1897, utilized human waste to generate biogas to meet the lighting needs. China had the largest biogas progam in the world. Until 2006, there were more than 18 million biogas plants built in China [13]. By the end of 2011, the number of domestic biogas installations grew to 41.68 million [14].

When fossil fuel-based energy is abundant and inexpensive, people are not enthusiastic about the use of biogas as energy source. The higher installation and maintenance cost of biogas make people choose fossil fuel energy. Some people prefer to use fossil fuel-based energy than biogas because fossil fuel-based energy is inexpensive, ready to use, and has high calorific value. However, in several years, biogas exists along with the increase of energy needs in the world every year, and fossil fuel energy is expected to be depleted. In addition, global warming that was caused by the emissions in the use of fossil fuel-based energy also becomes the driving force behind the implementation of biogas technology as clean energy. Microbially controlled production of biogas is an important part of the global carbon cycle [13]. This is one of the efforts in mitigating the global warming disaster. Methane, the main component of biogas, is greenhouse gases (GHGs) with a much higher global warming potential than carbon dioxide. Biogas is able to isolate methane and convert it into clean energy. According to Cuellar and Webber [15], biogas from livestock waste was able to reduce GHGs emissions at 3.9% of the total emission from electricity production by fossil fuel with the same capacity. A researcher said that biogas from cow manure was able to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and replace the consumption of kerosene and firewood for cooking [16]. Based on the study conducted by National Electricity Company of Indonesia, around one million units of biogas plant were able to save 900 million liters of kerosene or 700,000 tons of LPG per year [17].

Biogas also has benefits in mitigating and overcoming organic waste issue [18]. Anaerobic decomposition of biogas is a suitable and efficient technology for organic waste management [3]. Organic wastes that are commonly used as substrate to produce biogas are from livestock manure, agricultural waste, sewage sludge, human waste, and so on [19]. If these wastes are not handled properly, they will decompose naturally and emit GHGs. Moreover, the untreated organic waste will cause bad smell and potentially contaminate the aquatic life [15]. On the other hand, the organic waste has the potential to generate energy. Therefore, many researchers investigated the best way to convert organic waste into energy. Moreover, biogas implementation can be integrated with agriculture and livestock development. It means that no waste is generated from the life cycles of agriculture and livestock sectors (close loop). Organic waste is directly used as substrate in biogas production, and the waste from biogas production can be used as organic fertilizer (see **Figure 2**).

Benefits of biogas system for users, society and environment in general are as follows [20]:

• Production of energy (heat, light and electricity)

The spread of biogas technology gained momentum in the 1970s, when oil price became higher. It became the motivation for finding alternative energy sources such as biogas. The intensive effort in developing biogas began in the 1900s. The fastest growth of biogas was found in developing countries such as Asian, Latin American and African countries. In developing countries, where energy was in short supply and expensive, anaerobic decomposition had a far relevance to meet energy needs. Stoves, refrigerators and engines were appliances commonly fuelled by biogas. India and China became the role model countries of biogas development in Southeast Asia. India had built their first anaerobic digester in 1897, utilized human waste to generate biogas to meet the lighting needs. China had the largest biogas progam in the world. Until 2006, there were more than 18 million biogas plants built in China [13]. By the end of 2011, the number of domestic biogas installations grew to 41.68 million [14]. When fossil fuel-based energy is abundant and inexpensive, people are not enthusiastic about the use of biogas as energy source. The higher installation and maintenance cost of biogas make people choose fossil fuel energy. Some people prefer to use fossil fuel-based energy than biogas because fossil fuel-based energy is inexpensive, ready to use, and has high calorific value. However, in several years, biogas exists along with the increase of energy needs in the world every year, and fossil fuel energy is expected to be depleted. In addition, global warming that was caused by the emissions in the use of fossil fuel-based energy also becomes the driving force behind the implementation of biogas technology as clean energy. Microbially controlled production of biogas is an important part of the global carbon cycle [13]. This is one of the efforts in mitigating the global warming disaster. Methane, the main component of biogas, is greenhouse gases (GHGs) with a much higher global warming potential than carbon dioxide. Biogas is able to isolate methane and convert it into clean energy. According to Cuellar and Webber [15], biogas from livestock waste was able to reduce GHGs emissions at 3.9% of the total emission from electricity production by fossil fuel with the same capacity. A researcher said that biogas from cow manure was able to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and replace the consumption of kerosene and

) 55–70 50–70

) 5–10

) —

) Small amount 1–2

O) — 0.3

Carbon monoxide (CO) Small amount —

Oxygen Small amount —

) 30–45 30–40

S) 1–2 small amount

**A B**

**Gases % composition**

102 Energy Management for Sustainable Development

Methane (CH<sup>4</sup>

Hydrogen (H<sup>2</sup>

Ammonia (NH<sup>3</sup>

Nitrogen (N<sup>2</sup>

Water (H<sup>2</sup>

**Table 1.** Biogas composition [11, 12].

Carbon dioxide (CO<sup>2</sup>

Hydrogen sulfide (H<sup>2</sup>


**Figure 2.** Integrated biogas installation [17].

Biogas can substantially contribute to the conservation and development in developing countries. However, the required high-level investment of capital and other limitations of biogas technology should also be considered.

prefer to consume fuelwood, gas and/or oil as their household energy supply because they do

Renewable Energy of Biogas Through Integrated Organic Cycle System in Tropical System

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.74497

The dissemination of renewable energy technologies in general and biogas technology is constrained by a number of factors including policies, institutions, financial constraints, subsidies, availability of input and awareness about the technology [14]. For example, financial constraint is one of most frequently cited challenges limiting the expansion of biogas technology. Thus, financial incentives are needed such as soft loans and subsides for renewable energy. Government subsidies are able to enhance the speed of biogas adoption. The low price and practicality in using fossil fuel-based energy are the reasons why people are not interested in using biogas.

In fact, subsidies are not enough to encourage the expansion of biogas technology. Another factor that influences biogas implementation is technical factor. Biogas did not meet the cooking and electricity needs of household [22]. His report informed that the use of biogas could not fully replace the use of fossil fuel. In addition, there was also a lack of motivation among the community to operate and repair the installation. Biogas cannot fully replace fossil fuel because it has low calorific value. The average calorific value of biogas is about 21–24 MJ/m<sup>3</sup>

lower than the calorific value of fossil fuel (see **Table 2**). The lower energy of biogas is caused by the presence of impure gases in biogas [24], for example carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen, and so on. The negative effects of impurities gases were explained by the authors

**Gases** Biomethane Purified biomethane (90%) Propane Butane Methane

**)** 21.5 32.3 90.9 118.5 35.9

• Corrosion (contain carbon acid) if biogas is in wet condition

21–24 31–40<sup>c</sup>

,

105

not think that the price of biogas is lower than fossil fuel-based energy.

mentioned in refs. [8, 25, 26], as shown in **Table 3**.

23

**Gases Effects**

Water vapor • Corrosion

**Table 3.** Effects of impurities in biogas [2, 25, 26].

Carbon dioxide (CO<sup>2</sup>

Hydrogen sulfide

(H<sup>2</sup> S)

Ammonia (NH<sup>3</sup> )

Nitrogen N2

**Calor (MJ/m3**

**Fuels Biogas Fossil fuel**

**Table 2.** Comparison of calorific value between biogas and fossil fuel [8, 25, 26].

• Corrosion • Poison

• Emits NOx

) • Inflammable gas, decreasing calorific value

• Anti-knock properties of engines

• Decreasing calorific value • Antiknock properties of engines

• Inflammable gas, decreasing calorific value

emission after combustion

Energy-cost-effective production and utilizing bioenergy is the key to improve the living standard of developing countries. Biogas can effectively reduce fuel consumption per capita in rural community by partly replacing coal, oil and fuelwood with straw and livestock manurebased energy [21]. Besides meeting the energy supply, biogas is expected to be integrated with biowaste management such as biogas installation in Germany (see **Figure 3**). Many programs had been done to promote the implementation of biogas technology in developing countries. In India, the Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (MNES) continues to implement the National Biogas and Manure Management Programme. Nepal, through Alternate Energy Promotion Centre (AEPC) with donor support from the Netherlands and Germany, promotes the use of biogas to rural community [20]. Ethiopia was able to disseminate 57.6% of total 14,000 domestic biogas plants planned in period 2009–2013 [14].

With the issues of global warming and the depletion of fossil fuel, the development of biogas has larger portion to disseminate, especially in developing countries. Many reports informed that biogas installations had been developed. However, the amount in many developing countries was still low. Moreover, biogas implementation is not sustainable. In Uganda, a large number of biogas installations were installed, but 29% of them had been dis-adopted, and this was within the average time period of 1.8 years after the installation [22]. Total number of biogas digesters is low in Indonesia compared to other developing countries [23]. Many people

**Figure 3.** A typical maize-based biogas plant in Germany [20].

prefer to consume fuelwood, gas and/or oil as their household energy supply because they do not think that the price of biogas is lower than fossil fuel-based energy.

The dissemination of renewable energy technologies in general and biogas technology is constrained by a number of factors including policies, institutions, financial constraints, subsidies, availability of input and awareness about the technology [14]. For example, financial constraint is one of most frequently cited challenges limiting the expansion of biogas technology. Thus, financial incentives are needed such as soft loans and subsides for renewable energy. Government subsidies are able to enhance the speed of biogas adoption. The low price and practicality in using fossil fuel-based energy are the reasons why people are not interested in using biogas.

In fact, subsidies are not enough to encourage the expansion of biogas technology. Another factor that influences biogas implementation is technical factor. Biogas did not meet the cooking and electricity needs of household [22]. His report informed that the use of biogas could not fully replace the use of fossil fuel. In addition, there was also a lack of motivation among the community to operate and repair the installation. Biogas cannot fully replace fossil fuel because it has low calorific value. The average calorific value of biogas is about 21–24 MJ/m<sup>3</sup> , lower than the calorific value of fossil fuel (see **Table 2**). The lower energy of biogas is caused by the presence of impure gases in biogas [24], for example carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen, and so on. The negative effects of impurities gases were explained by the authors mentioned in refs. [8, 25, 26], as shown in **Table 3**.


**Table 2.** Comparison of calorific value between biogas and fossil fuel [8, 25, 26].


**Table 3.** Effects of impurities in biogas [2, 25, 26].

Biogas can substantially contribute to the conservation and development in developing countries. However, the required high-level investment of capital and other limitations of biogas

Energy-cost-effective production and utilizing bioenergy is the key to improve the living standard of developing countries. Biogas can effectively reduce fuel consumption per capita in rural community by partly replacing coal, oil and fuelwood with straw and livestock manurebased energy [21]. Besides meeting the energy supply, biogas is expected to be integrated with biowaste management such as biogas installation in Germany (see **Figure 3**). Many programs had been done to promote the implementation of biogas technology in developing countries. In India, the Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (MNES) continues to implement the National Biogas and Manure Management Programme. Nepal, through Alternate Energy Promotion Centre (AEPC) with donor support from the Netherlands and Germany, promotes the use of biogas to rural community [20]. Ethiopia was able to disseminate 57.6% of total

With the issues of global warming and the depletion of fossil fuel, the development of biogas has larger portion to disseminate, especially in developing countries. Many reports informed that biogas installations had been developed. However, the amount in many developing countries was still low. Moreover, biogas implementation is not sustainable. In Uganda, a large number of biogas installations were installed, but 29% of them had been dis-adopted, and this was within the average time period of 1.8 years after the installation [22]. Total number of biogas digesters is low in Indonesia compared to other developing countries [23]. Many people

technology should also be considered.

104 Energy Management for Sustainable Development

14,000 domestic biogas plants planned in period 2009–2013 [14].

**Figure 3.** A typical maize-based biogas plant in Germany [20].

The presence of impurities in biogas can be minimized through biogas purification. This method has also been a highlighted topic in recent years [24]. Biogas purification focuses on the removal of contaminants in biogas. Biogas purification methods used for biogas cleaning are discussed in Section 3.

**a.** Water scrubbing

capacities.

**b.** Chemical scrubbing

Water is used as solvent in scrubbing. The solubility of methane in water is much lower than that of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide. In principle, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide can be removed. However, because hydrogen sulfide is poisonous and dissolved hydrogen

Renewable Energy of Biogas Through Integrated Organic Cycle System in Tropical System

The disadvantage of this method is the large amount of water needed so it must be treated in wastewater to minimize the water consumption. Water scrubbing is the most commonly used method to clean biogas, and plants are commercially available in a broad range of

It is very similar to water scrubbing. The difference is that the carbon dioxide is absorbed in chemical solvent. Chemical scrubbing involves the formation of reversible chemical bonds between the pollutants and the solvent. The chemical solvents used in biogas cleaning are alkaline solutions such as potassium hydroxide (KOH), sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and alkanolamine solutions such as mono ethanol amine (MEA), di-methyl ethanol amine (DMEA) or tertiary amines [18, 27]. In carbon dioxide absorption by chemical solvent, the fol-

<sup>2</sup><sup>−</sup> H<sup>2</sup> O2 HCO<sup>3</sup>

<sup>2</sup><sup>−</sup> + H<sup>2</sup> O (1)

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107

<sup>−</sup> (2)

<sup>−</sup> (3)

sulfide can cause corrosion, the pre-treatment of waste is required.

lowing reactions take place as given in Eqs (1)–(3):

CO<sup>2</sup> + 2 OH− CO<sup>3</sup>

CO<sup>2</sup> + R − NH<sup>2</sup> + H<sup>2</sup> OR − NH<sup>3</sup> + HCO<sup>3</sup>

CO<sup>2</sup> + CO<sup>3</sup>

**Figure 5.** Schematic of chemical scrubber [28].

#### **3. Biogas purification**

#### **3.1. Biogas purification methods**

Biogas purification is a process of removing the impure gases in biogas that affects the gas transmission grid, appliances or end user, and the increasing calorific value [27]. The impure gases are carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen and trace elements. The increase of calorific value affects the increase of biogas energy efficiency so it is able to compete with fossil fuel-based energy. In developing countries, biogas purification technology has been a site-specific and case-sensitive one, depending on local circumstances [24]. There are many methods of biogas purification that have been developed and investigated: physico-chemical methods and biological methods. Physico-chemical methods are consisted of absorption (water and chemical scrubbing), cryogenic separation, adsorption and membrane technology (see **Figure 4**).

#### *3.1.1. Absorption*

In the absorption technique of biogas purification, the raw biogas is brought into contact with nonvolatile liquid phase. The purpose is the mass transfer of contaminant from the gas phase to liquid phase [18]. The main idea in cleaning biogas using absorption is to transfer carbon dioxide to stationary liquid phase. There are two types of techniques depending on the types of the absorbent:

**Figure 4.** Biogas purification methods [27].

#### **a.** Water scrubbing

The presence of impurities in biogas can be minimized through biogas purification. This method has also been a highlighted topic in recent years [24]. Biogas purification focuses on the removal of contaminants in biogas. Biogas purification methods used for biogas cleaning

Biogas purification is a process of removing the impure gases in biogas that affects the gas transmission grid, appliances or end user, and the increasing calorific value [27]. The impure gases are carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen and trace elements. The increase of calorific value affects the increase of biogas energy efficiency so it is able to compete with fossil fuel-based energy. In developing countries, biogas purification technology has been a site-specific and case-sensitive one, depending on local circumstances [24]. There are many methods of biogas purification that have been developed and investigated: physico-chemical methods and biological methods. Physico-chemical methods are consisted of absorption (water and chemical scrubbing), cryogenic separation, adsorption and membrane technology

In the absorption technique of biogas purification, the raw biogas is brought into contact with nonvolatile liquid phase. The purpose is the mass transfer of contaminant from the gas phase to liquid phase [18]. The main idea in cleaning biogas using absorption is to transfer carbon dioxide to stationary liquid phase. There are two types of techniques depending on the types

are discussed in Section 3.

106 Energy Management for Sustainable Development

**3. Biogas purification**

(see **Figure 4**).

*3.1.1. Absorption*

of the absorbent:

**Figure 4.** Biogas purification methods [27].

**3.1. Biogas purification methods**

Water is used as solvent in scrubbing. The solubility of methane in water is much lower than that of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide. In principle, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide can be removed. However, because hydrogen sulfide is poisonous and dissolved hydrogen sulfide can cause corrosion, the pre-treatment of waste is required.

The disadvantage of this method is the large amount of water needed so it must be treated in wastewater to minimize the water consumption. Water scrubbing is the most commonly used method to clean biogas, and plants are commercially available in a broad range of capacities.

#### **b.** Chemical scrubbing

It is very similar to water scrubbing. The difference is that the carbon dioxide is absorbed in chemical solvent. Chemical scrubbing involves the formation of reversible chemical bonds between the pollutants and the solvent. The chemical solvents used in biogas cleaning are alkaline solutions such as potassium hydroxide (KOH), sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and alkanolamine solutions such as mono ethanol amine (MEA), di-methyl ethanol amine (DMEA) or tertiary amines [18, 27]. In carbon dioxide absorption by chemical solvent, the following reactions take place as given in Eqs (1)–(3):

$$\rm{CO}\_2 + 2\,\rm{OH}^- \rightarrow \rm{CO}\_3^{2-} + \rm{H}\_2\rm{O} \tag{1}$$

$$\text{CO}\_2 + \text{CO}\_3^{2-} \rightarrow \text{H}\_2\text{O} \bullet 2\text{HCO}\_3^- \tag{2}$$

$$\text{CO}\_2 + \text{R}-\text{NH}\_2 + \text{H}\_2\text{O} \xrightarrow{} \text{R}-\text{NH}\_3 + \text{HCO}\_3^-\tag{3}$$

**Figure 5.** Schematic of chemical scrubber [28].

The advantage of this method is that the solvent can be regenerated. However, the downside of this technology relates to the energy consumption to regenerate the chemical solvent (see **Figure 5**).

good candidate for the technology implementation in rural areas because of the low cost and

Renewable Energy of Biogas Through Integrated Organic Cycle System in Tropical System

Adsorption is a separation method involving the transfer mechanism of soluble molecules in a fluid to the surface of solid material. Adsorption occurs on porous solid material that has a

> • Methane recovery at 80–99% • Methane loses 3–5% • No chemical solvent • Lower operational cost

> • Methane recovery up to 95% • Methane loses 0.1–0.2% • Higher absorption capacity than *water scrubbing* • Operational time is shorter than water scrubbing

> • Methane recovery up to 98%

• Side product is pure carbon dioxide for *drying ice*

• Methane recovery up to

• Methane recovery between

• Simple installation and operation

• Adsorbent can be generated

96 and 98% • Methane loses at 2–4% • Can use common and cheap

adsorbent

>96% • Simple operation • Low energy required • Membrane is able to be generated

• Methane loses <1%

• High energy consumption to regen-

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109

• Clogging due to bacterial growth

S causes corrosion

erate solvent

• Dissolved H<sup>2</sup>

• Corrosion

• Energy intensive • Corrosion

treatment • Solvent is expensive

H2 O and H<sup>2</sup> S • Uses lots of process equipment • High operational and maintenance

cost

(MOMs)

valves

• Large amount of solvent • Chemical waste may require

• High energy consumption

• Need more pre-treatment to remove

• Some membrane has low selectivity • Often yields lower methane • High-cost membrane

• Some adsorbents are expensive, for example *metal organic materials*

• Methane loses in malfunctioning of

• High water consumption

easy operation of the installation.

Water scrubbing Separation based on solubility

Separation based on

Separation based on condensation temperature

Separation based on molecule selectivity on membrane

on the different selectivity of gases on

**Table 4.** Advantages and disadvantages of biogas purification methods.

adsorbent

Adsorption Separation based

solubility

Chemical scrubbing

Cryogenic Separation

Membrane technology

**3.2. Methane enrichment through adsorption method**

**Methods Principles Advantages Disadvantages**

#### *3.1.2. Membrane technology*

Membrane technology is a separation method at molecular scale. In biogas cleaning, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide can be removed selectively through membrane column so it is able to enrich methane component in biogas.

Membrane used in this technique is made of materials that are permeable to carbon dioxide, water, ammonia and other contaminants.

#### *3.1.3. Adsorption*

Adsorption is a method to separate certain gas from gas mixtures based on the affinity to a solid adsorbent. In biogas purification, the adsorptive materials are zeolite, active carbon, silica gel for carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide adsorption. The adsorption process relied on the fact that at low pressure, gases tend to be attracted to adsorbent and at higher pressure, more gas was adsorbed (see **Figure 6**) [28].

The advantage of adsorption method is that when solid adsorbents are saturated, it can be replaced by regenerated adsorbent by washing with water or heating at high temperature [18].

Physical-chemical biogas purification is the most commonly and frequently implemented method. **Table 4** shows the results of evaluation of biogas purification method by many researchers. Regarding the technology adoption, biogas purification technology that requires a lot of operations is always not sustainable in rural areas or developing countries. Therefore, a cheap and easy biogas purification method needs to be operated independently by the communities. From the summary of **Table 4**, we can conclude that the adsorption method is a

**Figure 6.** Schematic of adsorption in biogas purification [28].

good candidate for the technology implementation in rural areas because of the low cost and easy operation of the installation.

#### **3.2. Methane enrichment through adsorption method**

The advantage of this method is that the solvent can be regenerated. However, the downside of this technology relates to the energy consumption to regenerate the chemical solvent (see

Membrane technology is a separation method at molecular scale. In biogas cleaning, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide can be removed selectively through membrane column so it is

Membrane used in this technique is made of materials that are permeable to carbon dioxide,

Adsorption is a method to separate certain gas from gas mixtures based on the affinity to a solid adsorbent. In biogas purification, the adsorptive materials are zeolite, active carbon, silica gel for carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide adsorption. The adsorption process relied on the fact that at low pressure, gases tend to be attracted to adsorbent and at higher pressure,

The advantage of adsorption method is that when solid adsorbents are saturated, it can be replaced by regenerated adsorbent by washing with water or heating at high temperature [18]. Physical-chemical biogas purification is the most commonly and frequently implemented method. **Table 4** shows the results of evaluation of biogas purification method by many researchers. Regarding the technology adoption, biogas purification technology that requires a lot of operations is always not sustainable in rural areas or developing countries. Therefore, a cheap and easy biogas purification method needs to be operated independently by the communities. From the summary of **Table 4**, we can conclude that the adsorption method is a

**Figure 5**).

*3.1.3. Adsorption*

*3.1.2. Membrane technology*

108 Energy Management for Sustainable Development

able to enrich methane component in biogas.

water, ammonia and other contaminants.

more gas was adsorbed (see **Figure 6**) [28].

**Figure 6.** Schematic of adsorption in biogas purification [28].

Adsorption is a separation method involving the transfer mechanism of soluble molecules in a fluid to the surface of solid material. Adsorption occurs on porous solid material that has a


**Table 4.** Advantages and disadvantages of biogas purification methods.

partial attraction force on soluble molecule. In adsorption, there are adsorbate, adsorptive and adsorbent. Adsorbate is soluble molecule, which has been adsorbed by the surface of solid material; adsorptive is a molecule that is capable of being adsorbed on solid material [29]; and adsorbent is a solid material on which the soluble molecules accumulate.

Related to biogas purification, adsorption becomes a technology that may be suitable to adopt in developing countries. Adsorption is an easily handled technique. In rural areas, a cheap, simple and viable method becomes more attractive, and the implementation can be made sustainable. An adsorption process can be done in a variety of equipment, namely, fixed bed, moving bed, rotary bed and fluidized bed reactors. Each device has advantages and disadvantages. The main advantages of fixed bed system are the simplicity and inexpensive equipment needed, and the adsorbent is only reordered because of its position in the column. There are many related studies discussing the ways to enrich the methane level in biogas by removing carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and other compounds that decrease the calorific value of biogas using zeolite, fly ash, biochar, and so on.

Saputri and Pertiwiningrum [30] have been evaluated bagasse fly ash (BFA) to adsorb H<sup>2</sup> S in biogas from tofu waste. The preparation of BFA was conducted by its activation in 3% H<sup>2</sup> O2 for 5 h. The experiment was conducted in cylindrical adsorption column. The result showed that activated BFA was able to adsorb H<sup>2</sup> S with the capacity between 1.28 and 2.42 mg/g. From this study, we saw that the difference of particle size and flow rate influenced the adsorption capacity of H<sup>2</sup> S. The smaller the particle size was, the greater the H<sup>2</sup> S adsorption capacity became, and the optimum capacity of the particle size was 200 meshes at 1.81 mg/g. Recycled BFA was also reusable as adsorbent although it had slightly lower adsorption capacity. Yuniarti and Pertiwiningrum [31] also used recycled BFA derived from the residue of sugarcane.

The utilization of zeolite as an adsorbent has been widely applied in oil industry for CO<sup>2</sup> adsorption [32]. It means that zeolite can also be used as CO<sup>2</sup> adsorbent in biogas purification. Mofarahi and Gholipour [33] have investigated the use of zeolite as CO<sup>2</sup> adsorbent in simulated biogas. This study reported that the adsorption capacity increased with the decreasing temperature and increasing pressure. **Figure 7** shows that at low pressure, the slopes of the isotherms for CO<sup>2</sup> are very high but then decrease very fast with the increasing pressure as the adsorbent approaches saturation.

Carbon dioxide adsorption on zeolite has been reported by Alonso-Vicaro et al. [34] at 173.9 mg/g. Zeolite is also able to adsorb H<sup>2</sup> S with the capacity at 1.4 mg/g. Additionally, zeolite is completely regenerable and stable through several adsorptions. Bezzera et al. [28] tried to use zeolite and activated carbon to uptake CO<sup>2</sup> gases. They confirmed that zeolite had higher adsorption capacity than AC at 1 bar (206 mg/g and 83 mg/g, respectively). The different performance types of adsorbents are shown in **Table 5**.

Biochar has been proposed as one of the substitute adsorbents for natural zeolite due to its low cost, and it is more environmental friendly. According to some researchers, biochar is proved to be capable of adsorbing carbon dioxide. Therefore, biochar is a potential adsorbent

Minelli et al. [40] 26.4

Bkour et al. [37] 79.6

Huang et al. [38] 77 Creamer et al. [39] 73.48

**Researchers Solid materials (mg/g)**

Bezzera et al. [35] 205.9 83.16 Kacem et al. [32] 176 66 Hauchhum [36] 187 124

Mofarahi and Gholipour [33] 145.2

**Figure 7.** Carbon dioxide adsorption by zeolite [33].

**Table 5.** Carbon dioxide adsorption capacity of solid materials.

pyrolysis. The biochar produced by microwave pyrolysis at the power level of 300 W and

in biogas application. Huang et al. [38] investigated rice straw-based biochar

**Zeolite Activated carbon Biochar Kaolin Silica**

Renewable Energy of Biogas Through Integrated Organic Cycle System in Tropical System

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.74497

111

. The rice straw had been processed by microwave pyrolysis and conventional

to capture CO<sup>2</sup>

to capture CO<sup>2</sup>

From **Table 5**, we can conclude that zeolite has the best performance in carbon dioxide adsorption in biogas. However, the drawback is that not every rural area has natural resource of zeolite. As a consequence, the cost for adsorbent becomes expensive because of the packaging and distribution process.

Renewable Energy of Biogas Through Integrated Organic Cycle System in Tropical System http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.74497 111

**Figure 7.** Carbon dioxide adsorption by zeolite [33].

partial attraction force on soluble molecule. In adsorption, there are adsorbate, adsorptive and adsorbent. Adsorbate is soluble molecule, which has been adsorbed by the surface of solid material; adsorptive is a molecule that is capable of being adsorbed on solid material [29]; and

Related to biogas purification, adsorption becomes a technology that may be suitable to adopt in developing countries. Adsorption is an easily handled technique. In rural areas, a cheap, simple and viable method becomes more attractive, and the implementation can be made sustainable. An adsorption process can be done in a variety of equipment, namely, fixed bed, moving bed, rotary bed and fluidized bed reactors. Each device has advantages and disadvantages. The main advantages of fixed bed system are the simplicity and inexpensive equipment needed, and the adsorbent is only reordered because of its position in the column. There are many related studies discussing the ways to enrich the methane level in biogas by removing carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and other compounds that decrease the calorific value

Saputri and Pertiwiningrum [30] have been evaluated bagasse fly ash (BFA) to adsorb H<sup>2</sup>

biogas from tofu waste. The preparation of BFA was conducted by its activation in 3% H<sup>2</sup>

for 5 h. The experiment was conducted in cylindrical adsorption column. The result showed

From this study, we saw that the difference of particle size and flow rate influenced the

capacity became, and the optimum capacity of the particle size was 200 meshes at 1.81 mg/g. Recycled BFA was also reusable as adsorbent although it had slightly lower adsorption capacity. Yuniarti and Pertiwiningrum [31] also used recycled BFA derived from the residue of

The utilization of zeolite as an adsorbent has been widely applied in oil industry for CO<sup>2</sup>

lated biogas. This study reported that the adsorption capacity increased with the decreasing temperature and increasing pressure. **Figure 7** shows that at low pressure, the slopes of the

Carbon dioxide adsorption on zeolite has been reported by Alonso-Vicaro et al. [34] at

zeolite is completely regenerable and stable through several adsorptions. Bezzera et al. [28]

higher adsorption capacity than AC at 1 bar (206 mg/g and 83 mg/g, respectively). The differ-

From **Table 5**, we can conclude that zeolite has the best performance in carbon dioxide adsorption in biogas. However, the drawback is that not every rural area has natural resource of zeolite. As a consequence, the cost for adsorbent becomes expensive because of the packag-

S. The smaller the particle size was, the greater the H<sup>2</sup>

are very high but then decrease very fast with the increasing pressure as the

S with the capacity between 1.28 and 2.42 mg/g.

S with the capacity at 1.4 mg/g. Additionally,

gases. They confirmed that zeolite had

adsorbent in biogas purification.

adsorbent in simu-

S in

O2

S adsorption

adsorbent is a solid material on which the soluble molecules accumulate.

of biogas using zeolite, fly ash, biochar, and so on.

adsorption [32]. It means that zeolite can also be used as CO<sup>2</sup>

Mofarahi and Gholipour [33] have investigated the use of zeolite as CO<sup>2</sup>

that activated BFA was able to adsorb H<sup>2</sup>

110 Energy Management for Sustainable Development

adsorption capacity of H<sup>2</sup>

sugarcane.

isotherms for CO<sup>2</sup>

adsorbent approaches saturation.

ing and distribution process.

173.9 mg/g. Zeolite is also able to adsorb H<sup>2</sup>

tried to use zeolite and activated carbon to uptake CO<sup>2</sup>

ent performance types of adsorbents are shown in **Table 5**.


**Table 5.** Carbon dioxide adsorption capacity of solid materials.

Biochar has been proposed as one of the substitute adsorbents for natural zeolite due to its low cost, and it is more environmental friendly. According to some researchers, biochar is proved to be capable of adsorbing carbon dioxide. Therefore, biochar is a potential adsorbent to capture CO<sup>2</sup> in biogas application. Huang et al. [38] investigated rice straw-based biochar to capture CO<sup>2</sup> . The rice straw had been processed by microwave pyrolysis and conventional pyrolysis. The biochar produced by microwave pyrolysis at the power level of 300 W and maximum temperature of 300°C could adsorb CO<sup>2</sup> with the capacity up to 80 mg/g, higher than the biochar produced by conventional pyrolysis. Biochar produced from sugarcane bagasse was able to adsorb 73.55 mg/g of CO<sup>2</sup> . In addition to agricultural waste, biochar can also be produced from livestock waste such as cow manure, pig manure and chicken manure.

**5. Conclusion**

**Acknowledgements**

**Conflict of interest**

**Author details**

Indonesia

Ambar Pertiwiningrum<sup>1</sup>

Renewable energy generally gets cheaper, while fossil fuels generally get more expensive. Integrated Bio-cycle System (IBS) is a close-to-nature ecosystem on landscape ecological management to manage land resource (soil, mineral, water, air, microclimate), biological resources (flora, fauna, human) and their interaction to have more high added value in environment, economic, socioculture and health. The biocycles chain should be managed through 9A (agro-production, technology, industry, business, distribution, marketing, infrastructure, management, tourism) with 9R (reuse, reduce, recycle, refill, replace, repair, replant, rebuild, reward). IBFS could produce food, feed, fuel, fiber, fertilizer, water, oxygen, pharmacy, edutainment, ecotourism for sustainable life and environment. Development of organic material as sources of renewable energy through biomass, biogas, biofuel, bioreactor, algae fuel, bio-hydrogen, and so on with better biotechnology by genetic improvement, environmental manipulation, purification, packing, compressing, are important for sustainable development. In rural areas, the reliable and affordable technology in biogas purification should produce less waste, has less energy requirements, low cost and simple in operation and maintenance. Adsorption becomes a recommended technology in biogas purification. Adsorption is easy to operate and less expensive because it

Renewable Energy of Biogas Through Integrated Organic Cycle System in Tropical System

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.74497

113

uses alternative low-cost biomass waste-based adsorbents, such as fly ash and biochar.

publication funding. The opportunity is gratefully acknowledged.

The authors have declared that no conflict of interest exists.

\*Address all correspondence to: artiwi@mail.ugm.ac.id

\*, Cahyono Agus DK<sup>2</sup>

2 Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

1 Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

3 Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Christian University of Surakarta, Yogyakarta,

The authors express their greatest gratitude toward Ministry of Research, Technology & Higher Education RI and Universitas Gadjahmada (UGM) Yogyakarta for their research and

and Margaretha Arnita Wuri<sup>3</sup>

#### **4. Future of biogas energy**

Biogas is an alternative and clean energy that replaces fossil fuels and enhance energy security. Biogas is one of the most promising and plentiful resources and is easily found in developing countries [41] especially in countries with abundant biomass resources. Biogas utilization was reported to be very important in mitigating GHGs from economic activities in rural areas, for example, fuelwood and agriculture sector. Moreover, crude oil stock decrease and cannot fulfill energy demand of countries, so there is a need to find new alternative energy for example biogas. In the future, biogas will be one of the most important alternative energy in developing countries as self-sufficient energy [42]. Biogas has developed opportunities as the demand of fossil fuel increases but the fuel stock decreases.

Biogas performance can also be compared with fossil fuel and the other renewable energy. Wahyuni [43] reported comparative study between kerosene and biogas, a case in Indonesia. By using comparison data of biogas production from livestock waste and energy from kerosene, we got comparison of cost needed to get biogas and kerosene energy in **Tables 6** and **7**.


**Table 6.** Conversion biogas energy to kerosene [43].


**Table 7.** Comparison of cost that is needed to get biogas and the other energy source in Indonesia [43].

#### **5. Conclusion**

maximum temperature of 300°C could adsorb CO<sup>2</sup>

of fossil fuel increases but the fuel stock decreases.

**Number of animals Biogas production (m3**

**Table 6.** Conversion biogas energy to kerosene [43].

1 cow 2 1.24 2 horses 2 1.24 8 pigs 2 1.24 20 goats 2 1.24 620 chickens 2 1.24

bagasse was able to adsorb 73.55 mg/g of CO<sup>2</sup>

**4. Future of biogas energy**

112 Energy Management for Sustainable Development

than the biochar produced by conventional pyrolysis. Biochar produced from sugarcane

also be produced from livestock waste such as cow manure, pig manure and chicken manure.

Biogas is an alternative and clean energy that replaces fossil fuels and enhance energy security. Biogas is one of the most promising and plentiful resources and is easily found in developing countries [41] especially in countries with abundant biomass resources. Biogas utilization was reported to be very important in mitigating GHGs from economic activities in rural areas, for example, fuelwood and agriculture sector. Moreover, crude oil stock decrease and cannot fulfill energy demand of countries, so there is a need to find new alternative energy for example biogas. In the future, biogas will be one of the most important alternative energy in developing countries as self-sufficient energy [42]. Biogas has developed opportunities as the demand

Biogas performance can also be compared with fossil fuel and the other renewable energy. Wahyuni [43] reported comparative study between kerosene and biogas, a case in Indonesia. By using comparison data of biogas production from livestock waste and energy from kerosene, we got comparison of cost needed to get biogas and kerosene energy in **Tables 6** and **7**.

**Fuel Amount Unit Cost/unit (Rupiah) Cost (Rupiah)**

**Table 7.** Comparison of cost that is needed to get biogas and the other energy source in Indonesia [43].

Biogas 1 m3 1,620 1,620 Kerosene 0.62 liter 8,000 4,960 LPG 0.46 12 kg 75,000 2,872 Gasoline 0.8 liter 4,500 3,600 Fuel wood 3.5 kg 3,000 10,500

**) Conversion to kerosene (liter)**

with the capacity up to 80 mg/g, higher

. In addition to agricultural waste, biochar can

Renewable energy generally gets cheaper, while fossil fuels generally get more expensive. Integrated Bio-cycle System (IBS) is a close-to-nature ecosystem on landscape ecological management to manage land resource (soil, mineral, water, air, microclimate), biological resources (flora, fauna, human) and their interaction to have more high added value in environment, economic, socioculture and health. The biocycles chain should be managed through 9A (agro-production, technology, industry, business, distribution, marketing, infrastructure, management, tourism) with 9R (reuse, reduce, recycle, refill, replace, repair, replant, rebuild, reward). IBFS could produce food, feed, fuel, fiber, fertilizer, water, oxygen, pharmacy, edutainment, ecotourism for sustainable life and environment. Development of organic material as sources of renewable energy through biomass, biogas, biofuel, bioreactor, algae fuel, bio-hydrogen, and so on with better biotechnology by genetic improvement, environmental manipulation, purification, packing, compressing, are important for sustainable development. In rural areas, the reliable and affordable technology in biogas purification should produce less waste, has less energy requirements, low cost and simple in operation and maintenance. Adsorption becomes a recommended technology in biogas purification. Adsorption is easy to operate and less expensive because it uses alternative low-cost biomass waste-based adsorbents, such as fly ash and biochar.

#### **Acknowledgements**

The authors express their greatest gratitude toward Ministry of Research, Technology & Higher Education RI and Universitas Gadjahmada (UGM) Yogyakarta for their research and publication funding. The opportunity is gratefully acknowledged.

#### **Conflict of interest**

The authors have declared that no conflict of interest exists.

#### **Author details**

Ambar Pertiwiningrum<sup>1</sup> \*, Cahyono Agus DK<sup>2</sup> and Margaretha Arnita Wuri<sup>3</sup>

\*Address all correspondence to: artiwi@mail.ugm.ac.id

1 Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

2 Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

3 Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Christian University of Surakarta, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

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## *Edited by Soner Gokten and Guray Kucukkocaoglu*

Sustainable development is the kind of development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs—Brundtland Report (1987)

We are more aware of the need to achieve sustainable development than ever before. It is fair to say that two of the most important factors affecting sustainability are the ways of both producing and using energy. In this sense, this book provides a forum to articulate and discuss energy management issues in the frame of achieving sustainable development. And undoubtedly, we are also deeply concerned about these issues in the recent times.

This volume contains 6 chapters and is organized into two sections: "Policies and Strategies," and "Technologies and Industries."

Published in London, UK © 2018 IntechOpen © TheDigitalArtist / pixabay

Energy Management for Sustainable Development

Energy Management for

Sustainable Development

*Edited by Soner Gokten* 

*and Guray Kucukkocaoglu*