Contents

#### **Preface XI**


Preface

The manufacture of light emitting diodes (LEDs) has opened many opportunities in science and technology by providing work for novel smart display gadgets. The triumph of emerg‐ ing micro- and nanosized LEDs has become lengthened with advanced hi-tech improve‐ ments in technologies. Ultimately, the LED can be broken down into three major categories: (i) traditional inorganic LEDs, (ii) organic LEDs (small molecule OLEDs, polymer LEDs, pas‐ sive matrix OLEDs, and active matrix OLEDs), and (iii) high brightness LEDs. With the in‐ creased demand for OLED-based touchscreens, electronics manufacturers are increasingly turning to UV LEDs because of their many benefits in bonding applications for OLED flat panel manufacturing. The benefits to manufacturers include high productivity, environmen‐ tal safety and friendliness, and a reliable solution to how these products are cured. LEDs are low cost, fascinating, and important to humankind. Capitalizing on the latest applications of LEDs has proffered innovative technological advancements, which have been rapidly imple‐ mented for groundbreaking research, especially in the subnanoscale, which involves physi‐

For more than a decade, semiconductor technology has been elevated to greater heights. The result is in the form of nifty semiconductor electronic devices. Furthermore, commercially available LEDs and OLEDs deliver enhanced illumination with low power consumption and have longer lifetimes too. Undoubtedly, these innovations have survived the impact of the different sizes, shapes, and even the circuit design to which an LED can be affixed. Also, the production of LEDs encompasses the following: flexible thin film LEDs and OLEDs, col‐ or capability, low power consumption, brighter images, wide viewing angles, fast response times, low cost, extended lifespan, UV sensitivity, restriction of hazardous substances manu‐ facturing compatibility (lead free), etc., in comparison with their traditional counterparts. There are a number of concrete motives for switching to LED bulbs, due to their durability, chemical stability, extended lifetime, cost-effectiveness, etc. In addition, LEDs are not over‐ sensitive to temperature or humidity, making them ideal for active indoor and outdoor lighting. Unlike *compact fluorescent* lamps (CFLs), which contain a minor quantity of mercu‐ ry, LEDs are not manufactured with any precarious material making them safe both around

Globally, there is a faster growth into an additional defensible way of living environment, the LEDs and OLEDs captivating over the illumination space by replacing with CFL bulbs. For some reasons, LEDs still do not dominate the commercial market, which is still controlled by the first generation of LED light bulbs that have narrow light beams. and that the flea market prices were at first besides costs more. However, all these issues are being overcome with the help of recent advancements in LED technology. Clusters of LED precut chips are being as‐ sembled during the fabrication of second-generation LED lights. These are known as surface-

cal and chemical properties of the lighting process.

the home (even if broken) and when they are disposed of.
