**11.2 Pharmacologic treatment**

The U.S. Food and Drug Adminstration (FDA) recommends five treatment end points be considered for COPD: improvement in airflow obstruction, providing symptom relief, modifying or preventing exacerbations, altering disease progression (including mortality), and modifying lung structure. Effective treatment of the COPD patient requires effective integration of pharmacologic treatment and nonpharmacologic therapy, most importantly pulmonary rehabilitation.
