**11. ASCs and breast tissue regeneration**

**8. Decellularized cardiac tissues and stem cells**

**Table 1.** Applications of tissue-engineered scaffolds recellularized with stem cells.

Acellular porcine and human trachea-lung scaffolds

Genipin cross-linked decellularized rat tracheal

Decellularized leporine tracheal scaffold

Decellularized vascular scaffold from rat abdominal

Decellularized inferior vena

Genipin cross-linked gelatin electrospun scaffolds

scaffold

arteries

cava of rabbits

Adapted from Rana et al. [55] with copyright permission.

**9. Decellularized respiratory tissues and stem cells**

an excellent hemodynamic performance.

**Organ/tissue engineered**

128 Tissue Regeneration

Renal tissue engineering Tracheal tissue engineering

Vascular tissue engineering

Neural tissue engineering

Cartilage tissue engineering

Hepatic tissue engineering

Pulmonary tissue engineering

There are reports of fabricated decellularized cardiac tissue used as potential scaffolds. For example, human cardiac extracellular cell matrix sheets have been reported to be seeded with mesenchymal stem cells and cardiomyocytes by [56]. The authors concluded that the MSCcardiomyocyte-derived scaffold efficiently improved and stimulates cardiac tissue regeneration. In another report by [57], decellularized engineered heart valve was successfully implanted for reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract. The authors concluded that via echocardiography, the implanted heart valve demonstrated normal physiological pressure gradient after 10 years, with no record of calcification and, in addition, it exhibited

**Decellularized scaffolds Cells Type of** 

stem cells

stem cells

stromal cells

Acellular whole liver scaffol Mesenchymal stem cells In vitro and

Decellularized stem cell matrix Human adult synovium-derived stem cells

Murine embryonic stem cells; bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells

Decellularized rat kidneys Mouse embryonic stem cells In vitro [46]

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells

Pluripotent murine embryonic

Adipose-derived mesenchymal

Rat allogeneic mesenchymal

NA In vivo [50]

**experiment**

In vitro [45]

In vitro [47, 48]

Clinical [49]

In vitro [51]

In vitro [52]

In vitro [53]

[54]

in vivo

**References**

There are reports of fabricated decellularized tissue used as potential scaffolds for respiratory tissue because of their simplified anatomical structure. One of the earliest reports on the fabrication of scaffold for tracheal tissue regeneration is [49] where the authors compared the efficiency of decellularized leporine tracheal scaffold seeded with amniotic-derived mesenchymal stem Adipose tissue is an important constituent of soft tissues in the body that offers protection to underlying structures. Tissue flap procedures are said to be more efficient in producing a more natural reconstruction; however it is very invasive, while breast implants have been associated with complications like extrusion and lack of contraction of the breast capsule. Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) have been identified to be the leading candidate for breast reconstruction, although ASC supplementation has been studied in clinical trials for wound healing therapies [62].
