**Author details**

membranes create and maintain a space above the bone defect; this allows the slower mesenchymal cells with osteogenic potential to populate the defect and regenerate without interference from the more quickly proliferating overlying soft tissues. Protection of the clot in the defect, exclusion of gingival connective tissue cells, and preparation of an enclosed space in which osteogenic cells can migrate from the bone are three essential elements of a successful outcome. Many types of grafts have been used as space maintainers between the membrane and the bone defect. Autografts, allografts, and xenografts have all been used successfully,

**Figure 4.** Bone scaffold: the bone capacity or the osteogenic potential of a bone graft is given by cells involved in bone formation, such as mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts, and osteocytes. The term osteoconductive refers to the scaffold

Tissue engineering currently plays a relatively small role in treating patients. Additional bladder, small arteries, skin grafts, cartilage, and even the entire trachea have been implanted in patients but the operation is still experimental and of high cost. While the more complex organ tissues such as heart, lung, and hepatic tissue have been successfully reconstituted in the laboratory, they are far from being entirely cloned and ready for transplantation in a patient. These tissues, however, can be very useful in research, especially in drug research [2]. Researchers have developed multi-capacity (pluripotent) stem cells that can be transformed into any type of cell in different types of specific areas and found that they controlled by very specific gene networks that determine the fate of cells. Most other medical research has focused on multivariate stem cells to modify the range of growth solutions in which cells are placed. Bone marrow stem cells in mature cells have been able to take stem cells along the way

The ability to regenerate a new kidney from a patient's own cells would provide major relief for the hundreds of thousands of patients suffering from kidney disease. The resulting organ tissue was able to remove metabolites, re-absorb nutrients, and produce urine both in vitro and in vivo in rats. This process has been used previously in the heart, liver, and lung tissue.

either alone or in combination, for bone regeneration using particulate materials.

or matrix which stimulates bone cells to grow on its surface [4].

from multiple-capacity to bone maturation that can be implanted in a patient.

**5.3. Applications**

8 Tissue Regeneration

Hussein Abdelhay El-Sayed Kaoud

Address all correspondence to: ka-oud@outlook.com

Department of Hygiene and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, El-Giza, Egypt
