**8. Conclusions**

**7.1. Platelet rich plasma (PRP)**

152 Tissue Regeneration

mature bone density by 15–30% [48].

**7.2. Platelet rich fibrin (PRF)**

present in high concentrations [50].

for the activation of other cells [52].

**7.3. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)**

of PRF in intrabony and mandibular defects [51].

speed.

tissue healing or it can be used with graft materials [46].

*aureus*, *Candida albicans*, and *Cryptococcus neoformans* [49].

The plasma rich in thrombocytes obtained from autogenous blood tissue is called PRP. PRP contains high proportions of thrombocytes as well as growth factors and other components [45]. PRP is obtained by centrifugation of blood, and 95% of the platelets comprise 4% red blood cells and 1% white blood cells. The most common advantage of PRP is that it accelerates hard and soft tissue healing. PRP can be injected directly into the wound area to accelerate

PRP has a long shelf life, but it should be used quickly. This is because 95% of the growth fac-

The use of PRP in oral maxillofacial surgery has been increasing. PRP secreted by growth factors accelerate the healing mechanism of the bone tissue. It has been shown that PRP increases

Furthermore, PRP allows a nonspecific immunoreaction to occur. Leukocytes in this context and interleukins secreted from these leukocytes are also activated by the activation of macrophages. Bacteria exhibiting antimicrobial activity of PRP are *Escherichia coli*, *Staphylococcus* 

The PRF protocol was developed by Choukroun in 2001. The goal of PRF is to obtain a membrane that is rich in plagioclase-like factors. The acquisition protocol is not dependent on a specialized medical device but can easily be implemented by clinicians. PRF is obtained by removing autogenous venous blood from the dry glass tubes and then centrifuging it at low

Since no anticoagulant is added to the blood in PRF, blood coagulation mechanism begins. PRF has three layers: red blood cell at the bottom, cells plasma at the top, and PRF clot in the middle. This clot is a 3D strong fibrin matrix structure, in which leukocytes and platelets are

Previous studies have reported the positive clinical and radiographic results for the efficacy

Platelets help repair damaged tissues by releasing growth factors such as PDGF, TGF-β, VEGF, IGF-1, FGF, and EGF. The granules in the platelets also stimulate cellular growth and proliferation; similarly, chemokines and cytokines are involved in the regulation of tissue regeneration and treatment of inflammation. Platelet granules are important protein sources

Recombinant human bone morphogenetic proteins (rhBMP) are used in osteogenic regenation in addition to its use in pulp amputation treatment for new osteodentin formation in the presence of inflammation [53]. It has been reported that the recombinant human proteins

tors available in PRP are released within 1 h and the activity lasts for 7 days [47].

This chapter is concerning the dental implant placement. It is one of the most reliable and predictable treatment choices in modern oral surgery. The ways to regenerate the bone to place the implants with the desired dimensions are as follows: (1) guided bone regeneration, (2) socket grafting, (3) allograft bone block grafting, (4) intra- and extraoral autogenous bone block grafting. There are many scaffold biomaterials available that are used as templates for new bone formation. In recent years, biomaterial usage for the reconstruction of hard tissue defects has dramatically increased. Combination of scaffold biomaterials with growth factors presents promising results. In the future, there is no doubt that autologous bone usage will be replaced with artificial tissue engineering.
