1. Introduction

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic multiorgan autoimmune disease with many unresolved questions regarding its pathogenesis, causes, best approaches for proper diagnosis and therapy [1–3]. It is perhaps the most heterogeneous human disease where SLE patients exhibit clinical manifestations that hugely vary on the levels of organ involvement and severity that are accompanied by differential release of autoantibodies and other serological biomarkers

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[1, 4]. This is because the disease pathogenesis is highly chaotic and strikes any of the multiple stages of the immune cascade resulting in extremely wide-ranging and difficult-to-predict clinical and serological manifestations among SLE patients [1, 4]. As demonstrated through this chapter, SLE challenges the clinical community in its diagnosis, prediction of the course of the disease, extracting and monitoring reliable biomarkers, designing studies in clinical trials, and developing new therapeutics [1, 3–5]. Owing to this highly heterogeneous nature of the disease, SLE presents an ideal model for a disease that desperately calls for new developments in the state-of-the-art diagnostic technologies that can detect highly specific and reliable new biomarkers for disease diagnosis and prognosis, and it exemplifies the urge for personalized medicine that can target specific subsets of patients or specific organ involvement.
