**6.2 Transplanted kidney**

In supine position, the percutanous access can be achieved through extraperitoneal approach under ultrasound guidance. The puncture site start at medial to the anterior superior iliac crest. Occasionally, CT guidance is needed especially when there is bowel loops between anterior abdominal wall and kidney.

### **6.3 Pelvic kidney**

Access nephrostomy tube to pelvic kidney is challenging due to significant complications such as bleeding and urine extravasation. This technique requires combined transabdominal laparoscopic and transurethral retrograde access creation.
