**4.6 Other causes**

Recurrent urinary tract infections in men with chronic urinary retention due to BPH may also contribute to chronic renal failure (Rule, Lieber et al. 2005).

Secondary hypertension due to chronic urinary retention is also a described complication of BPH, leading to hypertensive kidney disease (Ghose and Harindra 1989).

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus caused by partial or chronic urinary obstruction can result in renal failure (Klahr 2001).

Other clinical entities like diabetes and hypertension are independent factors that can lead to CKD (Gerber, Goldfischer et al. 1997). Patients with BPH are probable carriers of these pathologies that are likely to seriously aggravate renal function and must be taken into account as sombre conditioners of renal disease.
