**7.4. Liver disorders**

Liver is the major source of coagulation factors. Chronic alcoholism, smoking and high fat consumption affect the function of liver and there by impact the synthesis of coagulation factors [134]. Blood transfusion is recommended for treating the coagulation defects caused by liver disorders.

complex is known as TAT complex. TAT complex is used to measure the risk of thrombosis in patients with multiple trauma, liver dysfunction and septicemia [141, 142]. Coagulation factors like FXIII, Protein S and Antiphospholipid antibodies are also quantified by immune

Understanding the Clotting Cascade, Regulators, and Clinical Modulators of Coagulation

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Coagulation is a complicated biological phenomenon which maintains the hemostasis. Abnormalities in the genes that regulate the coagulation factors cause hereditary coagulation defects such as hemophilia and mutations in genes that encode anticoagulants such as Protein S, Protein Z cause thrombosis. Disruption in the anticoagulant and coagulation factors in the healthy individual causes acquired bleeding disorders. Acquired bleeding disorders include a bleeding disorder or a thrombotic disorder. These disorders can be diagnosed by current methods and can be treated with known methods. There is a high demand for efficient diagnostic

[1] Gale AJ. Continuing education course #2: Current understanding of hemostasis.

[2] Johari V, Loke C. Brief overview of the coagulation cascade. Disease-a-month : DM.

[3] Palta S, Saroa R, Palta A. Overview of the coagulation system. Indian Journal of

[4] Smith SA, Travers RJ, Morrissey JH. How it all starts: Initiation of the clotting cascade.

[5] Castoldi E, Rosing J. Apc resistance: Biological basis and acquired influences. Journal of

[6] Garcia de Frutos P, Fuentes-Prior P, Hurtado B, Sala N. Molecular basis of protein s

Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 2015;**50**:326-336

assays to measure the alterations in coagulation system [141].

and treatment methods for the abnormalities in the coagulation disorders.

Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA

Address all correspondence to: pvssekar@gmail.com

Toxicologic Pathology. 2011;**39**:273-280

thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH. 2010;**8**:445-453

deficiency. Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2007;**98**:543-556

Anaesthesia. 2014;**58**:515-523

**9. Conclusions**

**Author details**

Vijaya S. Pilli

**References**

2012;**58**:421-423
