2.2. Complications

Major complications include intraperitoneal bleeding, intestinal perforation, bile duct stenosis, pneumothorax or hemothorax, liver abscess formation, or skin burns. Skin burns occur in less than 1% [7]. Late complication would include tumor seeding along the needle track which was found to occur 0.5% of cases with HCC based on a multicenter survey [8]. Other complications include minor symptoms such as pain, fever, or self-limited bleeding. The procedural mortality rate is between 0.1 and 0.5% which are due to sepsis, liver failure, portal venous thrombosis, or gastrointestinal perforation.
