**3.2. Nanodiagnostics**

Nanobiotechnology and molecular diagnosis are emerging concepts in nanodiagnostics for development of personalized medicine or cancer therapy. With the advances in nanotechnology, biomarkers can be refined using nanomaterials, which provide high volume/surface ratio and multifunctionality. Diagnostic information is obtained based on pharmacogenetics, pharmacogenomics, pharmacoproteomics, and environmental factors influencing responses to therapy. This approach provides effective and progressive personalized treatment, which is tailored directly from the genetic makeup of an individual, thereby preventing unwanted side-effects [57].
