**2. Experimental**

The industrial sectors that demand the development and application of the surface modification of materials are the automotive, aerospace, missile, energy, electronics, biomedical, textile, petroleum, petrochemical, chemical, steel, energy, cement, machine tool, and con-

There are different methods that allow the coating of a surface, to mention some, such as painting, carburizing, nitriding, sputtering, electrophoretic deposition, spray coatings, electrodeposition, ion implantation, ion plating, thermal oxidation, laser cladding, electroless deposition, chemical vapor deposition, solvent casting, dip coating, and sol-gel coating [2].

Within the variety of coating methods, the electrophoretic deposition (EPD) has several advantages, such as low deposition time, simple and cheap equipment, little restriction of the shape of substrates; deposition is achieved both inside of the cavities and on the outside cavity surfaces, control the film thickness and uniformity, applicability to any powdered solid that forms a stable, a wide range of particle sizes, from micro- to nanometric particles (colloidal

Almost all types of substrates, including metal oxides, ceramics, polymers, and composite

Using EPD, the coating of different substrates has been made with a variety of materials, to mention a few, metals, polymers, ceramics, glasses, carbon nanotubes, nanoparticles, zeolite,

Moreover, considering the functionality and application the films can be used in antioxidant coatings, bioactive coating, cell fuel, tissue engineering, composites, medical implants, scaffolds, microelectronic devices, wear-resistant, sensors, nanoscale assembly, luminescent materials, gas diffusion electrode, biomedical, multilayer composites, bactericide surfaces, piezoelectric motors, photocatalyst and photovoltaics, corrosion protective, and water puri-

EPD is based on the movement of charged particles suspended in a solution through application of an external electric field (electrophoresis mechanism). This electric field enables the consolidation of particles into films, cast onto any shaped substrate, or into thick and bulk

The electrophoretic deposition process is generally described in three stages: the first consists in the application of an electric field between an anode and a cathode, which are submerged in the suspension of the charged particles, which causes the migration of the charged particles toward the opposite charged electrode. Subsequently, the particles begin to accumulate on the surface of the electrode resulting in the formation of a thin and thick film. Finally, a thermal

To employ electrophoretic deposition successfully, a basic understanding of the colloidal stability, the deposition kinetics, and the constrained drying and sintering issues of the deposit

Although the EPD technique is simple, it is necessary to understand the coupled electrical and physicochemical phenomena of the particles that are initially suspended, and at the end

treatment step is carried out to improve the characteristics of electrodeposits [1, 2].

materials, can be coated by EPD with similar or different materials.

hydroxyapatite, silica, alumina, proteins, bacteria, and cells [4–8].

struction industries [1].

178 Titanium Dioxide - Material for a Sustainable Environment

suspensions) [3].

fication [9–22].

components.

is necessary.
