*3.1.4. Nano-antibacterial agents*

*3.1.3. Nano-immunomodulatory agents*

474 Titanium Dioxide - Material for a Sustainable Environment

infectious diseases [55].

TNA.

Nanomaterial technology allows the development of new immunomodulatory agents, which are either immunologically active components or immunosuppressive agents. This nanostructured material could effectively surpass vaccination, adjuvants, and other immunomodulatory drug treatments. Besides, this unique surface structure could act together with an immunosuppressive agent to therapeutically prevent damage to immune response toward unsuccessful transplant in allergic or even localized autoimmune reaction. Hence, this technology could improve the clinical outcomes of treatments for a range of infectious and non-

**Figure 2. TNA nanomatrix as therapeutics system**. (A) The system composes TNA structures created on a Ti surface, (B) loaded with drug-encapsulated polymer micelles at the top acting as drug-carriers and magnet nanoparticles (MNs) at the bottom of the nanotubes. A magnetic stimulated release of drug-carriers was achieved by activating magnetic nanoparticles loaded at the bottom of the nanotubes. (C) The drug may move from a region of high concentration to one of lower concentration via passive diffusion activity. (D) The stimuli-release concept is based on applying a magnetic field to induce the movement of magnetic particles from the bottom and force the release polymer micelles out from the Bacterial infection of in-dwelling medical devices could be controlled by the technology of TNA nanomatrix surface coated with infection-reducing drugs, such as penicillin and streptomycin (**Figure 3**). Traditional antibiotic treatment is limited in solving the bacterial infection problem. Kulkarni et al. [58] discovered that the use of nanotubes with large diameter (30– 100 nm) might reduce the growth of bacteria, such as *Staphylococcus aureus* and *Staphylococcus epidermidis*, compared with the smaller size of nanotube (20 nm).
