**3.3. Nano-biosensors**

Biosensors are analytical devices used to detect biological analytes, such as biomolecules (protein, lipid, DNA, and RNA), and biological cells (blood cell, virus, and microorganism). These devices present wide applications, including for detection of infectious organisms and

**Figure 4. TNA as nano-blood-contacting agent**. The TNA topology could enhance increase the protein adsorption of blood serum, adhesion and activation of platelets (fibrin and fibrinogen) and kinetics of whole blood coagulation. Thus, the TNA surface may provide interconnecting between the biological substances for providential blood-related implants.

molecular detection of biomarkers for disease diagnosis. Biosensors consist of physicochemical transducers (electrochemical, mass, optical, and thermal) and biological analytes as a molecular recognition system. The sensitivity of biosensors depends on the properties of the transducers and the bio-recognition element. Nanostructured transducers with TNA could be used as diagnostic tools with increased sensitivity, specificity, and reliability for medical applications [42].
