**5. Concluding remarks**

It has been shown that hydrothermal-seeded technique offered excellent method to obtain mesostructured titanium dioxide with large porosity and full anatase domain ideal as photoanodes on photoelectrochemical solar cell. Designing the morphology of titanium dioxide into 1D titania such as nanotube has also resulted in improved solar photoconversion due to enhanced surface area. Alteration of morphology into nanotube also has induced photoactivity to be visible-responsive photocatalyst. Mechanical mixing prior hydrothermal synthesis provided the way to shorten the preparation of nanotube titania to the shortest time as long as 5 h.

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By applying dip coating and sol–gel precursor preparation of titanium, amorphous and nanocrystalline anatase/rutile coatings have been successfully deposited on cotton fabrics at near room temperature. Both coated fabrics have shown significant self-cleaning action toward decoloration of turmeric extract stains reaching almost full decoloration under UV illumination for the crystalline TiO<sup>2</sup> -coated cotton fabrics. The higher the crystallinity of anatase TiO<sup>2</sup> , the higher the degree of the photodecoloration. Our study also revealed that amorphous TiO<sup>2</sup> coating has demonstrated about 80% photodecoloration and about 60% antibacterial inhibition against *E. coli*. Excellent coatings of TiO<sup>2</sup> nanorod on wood have provided antifouling activity by testing in sea water. More studies on characterization and mechanism are being underway.
