**12. Conclusion**

Being the 7th most common cancer in the UK [49], renal cancer surgery can really benefit from this emerging symbiotic relationship between surgeon and AR. Since the first uses of AR for partial nephrectomy, there have been reported improvements in the familiarisation of the patient's anatomy and practicality of AR [38]. However, as Bernhardt et al. discuss in a laparoscopic AR review, there is much advancement to be made in image registration, live tracking and depth perception. Detmer et al. in their review (of AR and VR technology in renal cancers) also highlight the need for resolution of human factors and the need for large scale clinical studies that are currently sparse. In conclusion, recent AR development has worked towards systems aiming to be on par with conventional navigational techniques. Whilst some technology is achieving this in isolation, there still lie barriers of validation, cost evaluation and practical application in the way. In summary, there is much to be achieved before AR systems are precise and safe enough to be integrated into regular clinical practise.
