**Meet the editors**

Dr Sashi S. Kommu is an Associate Professor in Uro-oncology and Cancer Biology in The School of Biosciences; The University of Kent, United Kingdom. He is also a Consultant Pelvic Cancer Urological Surgeon with a subspecialty interest in minimally invasive management of urological cancers including laparoscopic and robotic urological surgery at East Kent Hospitals University

NHS Foundation Trust. He leads The National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) for all surgical specialties for Kent, Surrey and Sussex in the U.K. His key clinical interests are in the minimally invasive management of urological cancers, surgical robotics and intelligent probes. He has done formal research at The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and The Institute of Cancer Research with The Translational Cancer Genetics Team where he refined his scientific methodology in advanced laboratory work with an emphasis on cancer genetics and proteomics. He has also gained vast exposure in nanotechnology. He has over 100 peer-reviewed publications in respected scientific and medical journals including The Lancet. He also has over 300 scientific presentations, several book chapters and books. Dr Kommu has over 25 academic awards including The Olympus Award at The 25th World Congress of Endourology in Cleveland U.S.A. 2006. He has nine pending patents including a cost-effective Telerounding Kit for Remote Teleconsultations, which was presented at The House of Commons (Hosted by The British Parliament) in 2006. His ability to blend medical science with engineering and technology has earned him two NASA collaborative scientific commendations. Dr Kommu is reviewer for 15 surgical/urological and 3 basic sciences journals. Several novel concepts described by Dr Kommu include 'suppressor screening in urological cancer screening' and 'the supplementary biomarker approach' for detecting cancers.

Dr Inderbir Gill is Chairman and Distinguished Professor of the Catherine and Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, Founding Executive Director of the USC Institute of Urology and Associate Dean for clinical innovation. Dr Gill is an internationally recognized leader in the field of robotic and laparoscopic surgery for urologic cancers. An acclaimed innovator, he and his team are

the world leaders in robotic urologic cancer surgery for prostate, kidney and bladder cancer, having performed over 15,000 aggregate cases. For his outstanding work, Dr Gill has received numerous prestigious awards, including the Dr B.C. Roy National Award, presented by the President of India for Eminent Medical Person in India. It marked the first time a physician living outside of India was selected for this national award. Dr Gill was also awarded the St. Paul's Medal by the British Association of Urological Surgeons, which is the highest honour bestowed by the organisation. He has published more than 750 peer-reviewed scientific papers, 50 book chapters and eight textbooks. He was elected to the prestigious American Association of Genito-Urinary Surgeons in 2003 and was selected as European Urology's first North American editor. Dr Gill is a distinguished researcher and prolific scholar. He has been listed among the Best Doctors in America for several years. Contents

**Preface VII**

**Section 1 Genetic Susceptibility and Immunotherapy 1**

Chapter 1 **Genetic Susceptibility to Kidney Cancer 3** Minna Kankuri-Tammilehto

Chapter 2 **Role of Immune System in Kidney Cancer 19**

Chapter 3 **Immunotherapy for Renal Cell Carcinoma 43**

**Section 2 Current Concepts in Kidney Cancer 73**

Chapter 5 **Augmented Reality in Kidney Cancer 93**

Menazir Sha and Faiz Mumtaz

**Kidney Tumors 119**

Suciu and Radu Badea

Gabriel de Souza and Roger Chammas

Chapter 4 **Simulation and Training in Kidney Cancer Surgery 75**

Keshav Shree Mudgal and Neelanjan Das

Chapter 7 **Harmonic Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) of**

Ana Marisa Chudzinski-Tavassi, Kátia Luciano Pereira Morais, Jean

Le Qu, Ding Wu, Haowei He, Xiaofeng Xu and Cheng Chen

Nicholas Mehan, Nicholas Simson and Ben Challacombe

Chapter 6 **Renal Tumor Biopsies: A Shift towards Improving Outcomes in the Management of Small Renal Masses 111**

Lidia Ciobanu, Attila Tamas Szora, Alexandru Florin Badea, Mihai
