**10. Conclusion**

• The number of generations, thus time, necessary to achieve the introgression objective

i.e., linkage drag [90].

104 Recent Advances in Tomato Breeding and Production

• The simultaneous transfer of other genes flanking the gene of interest of the donor parent

For the past three decades, an optimal number of molecular markers have been identified to be linked to traits of agronomic importance. These markers have been used as gene benchmarks to facilitate the introgression of genes of economic importance into elite varieties [91, 92]. Molecular markers are being used intensively to increase the efficiency of backcross breeding programs. This is what is termed as marker-assisted backcrossing (MAB) (also known as marker-assisted introgression, marker-assisted selection or molecular breeding). In the context of recurrent backcrossing, MAB amplified the pertinence of recurrent backcrossing at least in the following facets. Firstly, for traits that are simply inherited, but challenging or costly to identify phenotypically, and/or that do not have a reliable phenotypic expression under certain specific selection conditions, the efficiency of phenotypic selection is low. The use of markers for foreground selection makes the transfer of target genes feasible and economic. Secondly, quantitative traits, which are generally not targeted by a recurrent backcrossing approach, can be improved using recurrent backcrossing, if major quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting the trait have been identified. Thirdly, markers provide an effective option to control linkage drag and to speed up the recovery of recurrent genome and make the use of genes contained in unadapted resources easier [93, 94]. Lastly, the number of backcross generations and the time required to eliminate unwanted fragments of donor parent genome

MAB is an accurate and an efficient process of introgression of major gene controlling a desired trait while retaining the vital features of the recurrent parent [95, 96]. MAB is the process of selecting an individual plant as the parent in a subsequent generation of a genetic improvement program using the results of DNA tests. Molecular markers used to perform DNA test are not influenced by the environment; hence, problems associated with conventional plant breeding (i.e., selection based on phenotype) are eliminated. Here, selection is concentrated on genes that control the desired traits directly and are detectable at all stages of plant growth. With the availability of an array of molecular markers [97] and genetic maps, MAB has become possible both for traits governed by single gene and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) [98]. The philosophy in marker development and implementation can be divided into three broad categories: genetic mapping [99], analyses of links between molecular markers

Gene mapping is the method used to locate the locus of a gene and the distances between

The closer a target gene is to another gene, the more likely they are inherited together [94, 100]. Therefore, the preferred condition for MAB is when a direct markers or gene assisted selection is used. This is a situation where molecular markers cosegregate or are closely linked with the desired trait [102]. The effective development of a marker that can be linked to a gene of interest leads to success of MAB. Hence, the assumption that the ideal distance between a molecular marker and a desirable gene initially isolated from wild germplasm be as close as 2 cM, while that of a marker and a target gene from elite into elite lines be close as 12 cM. This

to reach high level of similarity to the recurrent parent are lessened.

and the trait of interest, and MAB [85, 94, 100].

genes [101].

Tomato breeding evolved from conventional breeding where breeders directly selected for the traits of interest, to the use of morphological and physiological traits, differentiated domesticated crops from their wild ancestors. The limitations of these morphological markers gave rise to more efficient approaches with the emergence of genetic marker technologies since the turn of the nineteenth century. The discovery of DNA markers that are closely associated with the desired phenotypes has been used to track tissue, cell, chromosome or a gene in individuals and increased selection efficiency. A DNA marker is a fragment of DNA that contains large amounts of sequence information and closely linked to traits of importance. The close association of DNA markers with morphological and physiological traits has facilitated the development of several linkage maps and enhanced the selection efficiency in marker-assisted tomato breeding programs. Marker-assisted selection has been explored to increase precision and efficiency of selection for many economic traits in tomato breeding. One classical markerassisted approach in tomato breeding is marker-assisted backcrossing, which targets either the genetic background of the recurrent parent (background selection) or tracking the gene of interest (foreground selection) through the use of flanking markers. Marker-assisted backcrossing enables faster recovery of the recurrent parent genome compared with conventional backcrossing approaches. Due to the long duration of recurrent backcrossing approaches, adoption of marker-assisted backcrossing approaches will enhance selection efficiency and shorten the breeding process. The potential genetic and economic benefits of marker-assisted backcrossing need to be compared with conventional breeding programs to determine their viability.

### **Author details**

Michael K. Osei1,3\*, Ruth Prempeh<sup>1</sup> , Joseph Adjebeng-Danquah2 , Jacinta A. Opoku1 , Agyemang Danquah3 , Eric Danquah3 , Essie Blay<sup>3</sup> and Hans Adu-Dapaah1

\*Address all correspondence to: oranigh@hotmail.com

1 CSIR-Crops Research Institute, Kumasi, Ghana


## **References**

[1] Bhandari HR, Srivastava K, Eswar Reddy G. Genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance for yield traits in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 2017;**6**(7):4131-4138

[16] Fulton TM, Grandillo S, Beck-Bunn T, Fridman E, Frampton A, Lopez J, et al. Advanced backcross QTL analysis of a *Lycopersicon esculentum* × *Lycopersicon parviflorum* cross.

Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS): A Fast-Track Tool in Tomato Breeding

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76007

107

[17] Bai Y, Huang CC, Van der Hulst R, Meijer-Dekens F, Bonnema G, Lindhout P. QTLs for tomato powdery mildew resistance (*Oidiumlycopersici*) in *Lycopersicon parviflorum* G1·1601 co-localize with two qualitative powdery mildew resistance genes. Molecular

[18] Gur A, Zamir D. Unused natural variation can lift yield barriers in plant breeding. PLoS

[19] Tanksley SD, Grandillo S, Fultom TM, Zamir D, Eshed Y, Petiard V, et al. Advanced backcross QTL analysis in a cross between an elite processing line of tomato and its wild

[20] Grandillo S, Ku HM, Tanksley SD. Identifying loci responsible for natural variation in fruit size and shape in tomato. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 1999;**99**:978-987

[22] Collard BCY, Jahufer MZZ, Brouwer JB, Pang ECK. An introduction to markers, quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping and marker-assisted selection for crop improvement: The

[23] Foolad MR, Panthee DR. Marker-assisted selection in tomato breeding. Critical Reviews

[25] Chetelat RT. Revised list of monogenic stocks. Report of the Tomato Genetics

[26] Tanksley SD. Linkage map of the tomato (*Lycopersicon esculentum*) (2N = 24). In: O'Brian SJ, editor. Genetic Maps: Locus Maps of Complex Genomes. Cold Spring Harbor: Cold

[27] Foolad MR, Jones RA, Rodriguez RLRAPD. Markers for constructing intraspecific

[28] Botstein D, White RL, Skolnick M, Davis RW. Construction of a genetic linkage map in man using restriction fragment length polymorphisms. American Journal of Human

[29] Saliba-Colombani V, Causse M, Gervais L, Philouze J. Efficiency of RFLP, RAPD, and AFLP markers for the construction of an intraspecific map of the tomato genome.

[30] Shirasawa K, Asamizu E, Fukuoka H, Ohyama A, Sato S, Nakamura Y, Tabata S, Sasamoto S, Wada T, Kishida Y, et al. An interspecific linkage map of SSR and intronic polymorphism markers in tomato. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 2010;**121**:

relative *L. pimpinellifolium*. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 1996;**92**:213-224

[21] Xu Y. Molecular Plant Breeding. Wallingford: CAB International; 2010

[24] Kalloo G. Genetic Improvement of Tomato. Berlin: Springer; 1991

tomato genetic maps. Plant Cell Reports. 1993;**12**(5):293-297

Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; 1993. pp. 6.3-6.15

Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 2000;**100**:1025-1042

Plant-Microbe Interactions. 2003;**16**:169-176

basic concepts. Euphytica. 2005;**142**:169-196

in Plant Sciences. 2012;**31**:93-123

Cooperative. 2002;**52**:41-62

Genetics. 1980;**32**(3):314-331

Genome. 2000;**43**:29-40

731-739

Biology. 2004;**2**:1610-1615


[16] Fulton TM, Grandillo S, Beck-Bunn T, Fridman E, Frampton A, Lopez J, et al. Advanced backcross QTL analysis of a *Lycopersicon esculentum* × *Lycopersicon parviflorum* cross. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 2000;**100**:1025-1042

**References**

99-164

[1] Bhandari HR, Srivastava K, Eswar Reddy G. Genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance for yield traits in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). International Journal of

[2] Robertson LD, Labate, JA. Genetic resources of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill) and wild relatives. In: Razdan MK, Mattoo AK, editors. Genetic Improvement of Solanaceous Crops. Vol. 2. Tomato. New Hampshire: Science Publishers. 2007. pp. 25-75

[3] Osei MK, Akromah R, Shilh SL, Green SK. Evaluation of some tomato germplasm for resistance to tomato yellow leaf curls virus disease (TYLCV) in Ghana. Aspects of

[4] United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Agricultural research service; 2002

[5] Rao AV, Ray MR, Rao LG. Lycopene. Advances in Food and Nutrition Research. 2006;**51**:

[6] Leonardi C, Ambrosino P, Esposito F, Fogliano V. Antioxidative activity and carotenoid and tomatine contents in different typologies of fresh consumption tomatoes. Journal of

[7] Knapp S. Tobacco to tomatoes: A phylogenetic perspective on fruit diversity in the

[8] Rick CM, Fobes JF. Allozyme variation in the cultivated tomato and closely related spe-

[9] Tanksley SD, Rick CM. Genetics of esterases in species of Lycopersicon. Theoretical and

[10] Tanksley SD. Introgression of genes from wild species. In: Tanksley SD, Orton TJ, edi-

[11] Medina-Filho HP, Stevens MA. Tomato breeding for nematode resistance: Survey of resistant varieties for horticultural characteristics and genotype of acid phosphates. Acta

[12] Boopathi NM. Genetic Mapping and Marker Assisted Selection: Basics, Practice and

[13] Watson B. Taylor's Guide to Heirloom Vegetables. New York: Houghton Mifflin; 1996

[14] Menda N, Semel Y, Peled D, Eshed Y, Zamir D. *In silico* screening of a saturated mutation

[15] UPOV Breeders Rights. International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties in Plants of 2 December 1961, as revised at Geneva on 10 November 1972, on 23 October 1978, and on 19 March 1991. Geneva : International Union for the Protection of New Varieties

tors. Isozymes in Plant Genetics and Breeding. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1983

Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 2017;**6**(7):4131-4138

Applied Biology. 2010;**96**:315-323

106 Recent Advances in Tomato Breeding and Production

Applied Genetics. 1980;**56**:209-219

Horticulturae. 1980;**100**:393

of Plants; 1961

Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2000;**48**:4723-4727

Solanaceae. Journal of Experimental Botany. 2002;**53**:2001-2022

cies. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 1975;**102**:376-384

Benefits. India: Springer; (2013). ISBN 978-81-322-0958-4

library of tomato. The Plant Journal. 2004;**38**:861-872


[31] Hirakawa H, Shirasawa K, Ohyama A, Fukuoka H, Aoki K, Rothan C, Sato S, Isobe S, Tabata S. Genome-wide SNP genotyping to infer the effects on gene functions in tomato. DNA Research. 1 June 2013;**20**(3):221-233. DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dst005

[45] Chaerani R, Smulders MJM, van der Linden CG, Vosman B, Stam P, Voorrips RE. QTL identification for early blight resistance (*Alternaria solani*) in a *Solanum lycopersicum* x *S.* 

Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS): A Fast-Track Tool in Tomato Breeding

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76007

109

[46] Azizinia S, Zeynali H, Zali AA, Abd-Mishani S. QTL mapping of tomato powdery mildew (*Oidium neolycopersici* l. kiss) resistance. Seed and Plant Improvement Journal.

[47] Lim G, Wang GP, Hemming M, McGrath D, Jones D. High resolution genetic and physical mapping of the I-3 region of tomato chromosome 7 reveals almost continuous microsynteny with grape chromosome 12 but interspersed microsynteny with duplications on Arabidopsis chromosomes 1, 2 and 3. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 2008;**118**:57-75

[48] Robbins MD, Masud MAT, Panthee DR, Gardner CO, Francis D, Stevens MA. Markerassisted selection for coupling phase resistance to tomato spotted wilt virus and *Phytophthora infestans* (late blight) in tomato. Horticultural Science. 2010;**45**:1424-1428

[49] Truong HTH, Choi HS, Cho MC, Lee HE, Kim JH. Use of Cf-9 gene-based markers in marker-assisted selection to screen tomato cultivars with resistance to *Cladosporium ful-*

[50] Park YH, Lee YJ, Kang JS, Choi YW, Son BG. Development of gene-based DNA marker for verticillium wilt resistance in tomato. Korean Journal of Horticultural Science and

[51] Cuppels DA, Louws FJ, Ainsworth T. Development and evaluation of PCR-based diagnostic assays for the bacterial speck and bacterial spot pathogens of tomato. Journal of

[52] Coaker GL, Francis DM. Mapping, genetic effects, and epistatic interaction of two bacterial canker resistance QTLs from *Lycopersicon hirsutum*. Theoretical and Applied

[53] Yang WC, Francis DM. Marker-assisted selection for combining resistance to bacterial spot and bacterial speck in tomato. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural

[54] Geethanjali S, Chen KY, Pastrana DV, Wang JF. Development and characterization of tomato SSR markers from genomic sequences of anchored BAC clones on chromosome

[55] Stamova BS, Chetelat RT. Inheritance and genetic mapping of cucumber mosaic virus resistance introgressed from *Lycopersicon chilense* into tomato. Theoretical and Applied

[56] Parrella G, Ruffel S, Moretti A, Morel C, Palloix A, Caranta C. Recessive resistance genes against potyviruses relocalized in colinear genomic regions of the tomato (*Lycopersicon* spp.) and pepper (*Capsicum* spp.) genomes. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 2002;**105**:

*vum*. Horticulture, Environment and Biotechnology. 2011;**52**:204-210

the American Society for Horticultural Science. 2006;**90**:451-458

*arcanum* cross. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 2007;**114**:439-450

2009;**25**:635-649

Technology. 2008;**26**:313-319

Genetics. 2004;**108**:1047-1055

Science. 2005;**130**:716-721

6. Euphytica. 2010;**173**:85-97

Genetics. 2000;**101**:527-537

855-861


[45] Chaerani R, Smulders MJM, van der Linden CG, Vosman B, Stam P, Voorrips RE. QTL identification for early blight resistance (*Alternaria solani*) in a *Solanum lycopersicum* x *S. arcanum* cross. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 2007;**114**:439-450

[31] Hirakawa H, Shirasawa K, Ohyama A, Fukuoka H, Aoki K, Rothan C, Sato S, Isobe S, Tabata S. Genome-wide SNP genotyping to infer the effects on gene functions in tomato.

[32] Van Schalkwyk A, Wenzl P, Smit S, Lopez-Cobollo R, Kilian A, Bishop G, Hefer C, Berger DK. Bin mapping of tomato diversity array (DArT) markers to genomic regions of *Solanum lycopersicum* × *Solanum pennellii* introgression lines. Theoretical and Applied

[33] Butler L. Linkage summary. Report of the Tomato Genetics Cooperative. 1968;**18**:4-6

[34] Rick CM. The tomato. In: King RC, editor. Handbook of Genetics. Vol. 2. New York:

[35] Hamilton JP, Sim SC, Stoffel K, Van Deynze A, Buell CR, Francis DM. Single nucleotide polymorphism descovery in cultivated tomato via sequencing by synthesis. Plant

[36] Paterson AH, Tanksley SD, Sorrells ME. DNA markers in plant improvement. Advances

[37] MacKill DJ, editor. Breeding for resistance to abiotic stresses in rice: The value of quantitative trait loci. In: Plant breeding: The Arnel R Hallauer International Symposium.

[39] Van der Biezen EA, Glagotskaya T, Overduin B, Nijkamp HJJ, Hille J. Inheritance and genetic mapping of resistance to Alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici in Lycopersicon

[40] Behare J, Laterrot H, Sarfatti M, Zamir D. Restriction fragment length polymorphism mapping of the stem phylium resistance gene in tomato. Molecular Plant-Microbe

[41] Stommel JR, Zhang YP. Molecular markers linked to quantitative trait loci for anthrac-

[42] Robert VJM, West MAL, Inai S, Caines A, Arntzen L, Smith JK, St Clair DA. Markerassisted introgression of blackmold resistance QTL alleles from wild *Lycopersicon cheesmanii* to cultivated tomato (*L. esculentum*) and evaluation of QTL phenotypic effects.

[43] Doganlar S, Dodson J, Gabor B, Beck-Bunn T, Crossman C, Tanksley SD. Molecular mapping of the py-1 gene for resistance to corky root rot (*Pyrenochaeta lycopersici*) in tomato.

[44] Tanyolac B, Akkale C. Screening of resistance genes to fusarium root rot and fusarium wilt diseases in F3 family lines of tomato (*Lycopersicon esculentum*) using RAPD and

nose resistance in tomato (abstract). Horticultural Science. 1998;**33**:514

CAPS markers. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2010;**9**:2727-2730

[38] MacArthur JW. Linkage groups in the tomato. Journal of Genetics. 1934;**29**:123-133

pennellii. Molecular and General Genetics. 1995;**247**:453-461

DNA Research. 1 June 2013;**20**(3):221-233. DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dst005

Genetics. 2012;**124**:947-956

108 Recent Advances in Tomato Breeding and Production

Genome. 2012;**5**:17-29

in Agronomy. 1991;**46**:39-90

Wiley Online Library; 2006

Interactions. 1991;**4**:489-492

Molecular Breeding. 2001;**8**:217-233

Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 1998;**97**:784-788

Plenum Press; 1975. pp. 247-280


[57] Arens P, Mansilla C, Deinum D, Cavellini L, Moretti A, Rolland S, van der Schoot H, Calvache D, Ponz F, Collonnier C. Development and evaluation of robust molecular markers linked to disease resistance in tomato for distinctness, uniformity and stability testing. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 2010;**120**:655-664

[72] Iftekharuddaula KM, Ahmed HU, Ghosal S, Moni ZR, Amin A, Ali MS. Development of new submergence tolerant Rice variety for Bangladesh using marker-assisted backcross-

Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS): A Fast-Track Tool in Tomato Breeding

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76007

111

[73] Hospital F. Selection in backcross programmes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal

[74] Ribaut JM, Hoisington D. Marker-assisted selection: New tools and strategies. Trends in

[75] Hasan MM, Rafii MY, Ismail MR, Mahmood M, Rahim HA, Alam A, Ashkani S, Malek A, Latif MA. Marker-assisted backcrossing: A useful method for rice improvement.

[76] Salina E, Dobrovolskaya O, Efremova T, Leonova I, Roder MS. Microsatellite monitoring of recombination around the Vrn-B1 locus of wheat during early backcross breeding.

[77] Huyen LTN, Cuc LM, Ismail AM, Ham LH. Introgression of the *Saltol* into AS996, the elite variety of Vietnam, using marker assisted backcrossing. VNU Journal of Science,

[78] Cuc LM, Huyen LTN, Hien PTM, Hang VTT, Dam NQ, Mui PT, Quang VD, Ismail AM, Ham LH. Application of marker assisted backcrossing to Introgress the submergence tolerance QTL SUB1 into the Vietnam elite Rice variety-AS996. American Journal of

[80] Poehlman JM, Sleper D. Breeding Field Crops. 4th ed. Ames: Iowa State University

[81] Hill J, Becker H, Tigerstedt P. Quantitative and Ecological Aspects of Plant Breeding.

[82] Reyes-Valde's MH. A model for marker-based selection in gene introgression breeding

[83] Babu R, Nair SK, Prasanna BM, Gupta HS. Integrating markerassisted selection in plant

[84] Ye G, Smith KF. Marker-assisted gene pyramiding for inbred line development: Practical

[85] Young ND, Tanksley SD. RFLP analysis of the size of chromosomal segments retained around the *tm-2* locus of tomato during backcross breeding. Theoretical and Applied

[86] Bjørnstad Å, Patil V, Tekauz A, Marøy AG, Skinnes H, Jensen A, Magnus H, MacKey J. Resistance to scald (*Rhynchosporium secalis*) in barley (*Hordeum vulgare*) studied by near-isogenic lines: I. Markers and differential isolates. Phytopathology. 2002;**92**:

breeding—prospects and challenges. Current Science. 2004;**87**:607-619

applications. International Journal of Plant Breeding. 2008;**2**:11-22

Biotechnology and Biotechnological Equipment. 2015;**29**(2):237-254

ing. Rice Science. 2015;**22**(1):16-26

Society B. 2005;**360**:1503-1511

Plant Science. 1998;**3**:236-239

Plant Breeding. 2003;**122**:116-119

Plant Sciences. 2012;**3**(4):1-9

London: Chapman and Hall; 1998

Genetics. 1989a;**77**:353-359

710-720

programs. Crop Science. 2000;**40**(1):91

Press; 1995

Natural Sciences and Technology. 2012;**28**:37-46

[79] Allard RW. Principles of Plant Breeding. New York: Wiley; 1960


[72] Iftekharuddaula KM, Ahmed HU, Ghosal S, Moni ZR, Amin A, Ali MS. Development of new submergence tolerant Rice variety for Bangladesh using marker-assisted backcrossing. Rice Science. 2015;**22**(1):16-26

[57] Arens P, Mansilla C, Deinum D, Cavellini L, Moretti A, Rolland S, van der Schoot H, Calvache D, Ponz F, Collonnier C. Development and evaluation of robust molecular markers linked to disease resistance in tomato for distinctness, uniformity and stability

[58] Moon H, Nicholson JS. AFLP and SCAR markers linked to tomato spotted wilt virus

[59] Ji YF, Scott JW, Schuster DJ. Toward fine mapping of the tomato yellow leaf curl virus resistance gene ty-2 on chromosome 11 of tomato. Horticultural Science. 2009;**44**:614-618

[60] Bailey DM. The seedling test method for root-knot nematode resistance. Proceedings of

[61] Medina-Filho H. Linkage of *Aps-1*, *Mi* and other markers on chromosome 6. Report of

[62] Hospital F. Marker-assisted breeding. In: Newbury HJ, editor. Plant Molecular Breeding.

[63] Hospital F, Charcosset A. Marker-assisted introgression of quantitative trait loci.

[64] Jefferies SP, King BJ, Barr AR, Warner P, Logue SJ, Langridge P. Marker-assisted backcross introgression of the Yd2 gene conferring resistance to barley yellow dwarf virus in

[65] Visscher PM, Haley CS, Thompson R. Marker assisted introgression in back cross breed-

[66] Hasan MM, Rafii MY, Ismail MR, Mahmood M, Rahim HA, Alam A, Ashkani S, Malek A, Latif MA. Marker-assisted backcrossing: A useful method for rice improvement.

[67] Frisch M, Bohn M, Melchinger AE. Comparison of selection strategies for marker-

[68] Visscher PM, Haley CS, Thompson R. Marker assisted introgression in back cross breed-

[69] Jefferies SP, King BJ, Barr AR, Warner P, Logue SJ, Langridge P. Marker-assisted backcross introgression of the Yd2 gene conferring resistance to barley yellow dwarf virus in

[70] Frisch M, Bohn M, Melchinger AE. Comparison of selection strategies for marker-

[71] Ye G, Ogbonnaya F, van Ginkev M. Marker-assisted recurrent backcrossing in cultivar development. In: Singh RK, Singh R, Ye G, Selvi A Rao GP, editors. Molecular Plant Breeding: Principle, Method and Application. USA: Studium Press LLC; 2009.

Biotechnology and Biotechnological Equipment. 2015;**29**(2):237-254

assisted backcrossing of a gene. Crop Science. 1999a;**39**:1295-1301

assisted backcrossing of a gene. Crop Science. 1999a;**39**:1295-1301

testing. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 2010;**120**:655-664

the American Society for Horticultural Science. 1941;**38**:573-575

resistance in tobacco. Crop Science. 2007;**47**:1887-1894

the Tomato Genetics Cooperative. 1980;**30**:26-28

London: Blackwell Scientific; 2003. pp. 30-56

Genetics. 1997;**147**:1469-1485

110 Recent Advances in Tomato Breeding and Production

barley. Plant Breeding. 2003;**122**:52-56

ing programs. Genetics. 1996;**144**:1923-1932

ing programs. Genetics. 1996;**144**:1923-1932

barley. Plant Breeding. 2003;**122**:52-56

pp. 295-319


[87] Semagn K, Bjørnstad Å, Ndjiondjop MN. Principles, requirements and prospects of genetic mapping in plants. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2006;**25**:2569-2587

[102] Ribaut JM, Jiang C, Hoisington D. Simulation experiments on efficiencies of gene intro-

Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS): A Fast-Track Tool in Tomato Breeding

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76007

113

[103] Kumar A, Tiwari KL, Datta D, Singh M. Marker assisted gene pyramiding for enhanced tomato leaf curl virus disease resistance in tomato cultivar. Biologia Plantarum.

[104] Barone A, Ercolano MR, Langella R, Monti L, Frusciante L. Molecular marker-assisted selection for pyramiding resistance genes in tomato. Advances in Horticultural Science.

[105] Semagn K, Bjørnstad Å, Ndjiondjop MN. Principles, requirements and prospects of genetic mapping in plants. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2006;**25**:2569-2587

gression by backcrossing. Crop Science. 2002;**42**:557-565

2014;**58**:792-797

2005;**19**:147-152


[102] Ribaut JM, Jiang C, Hoisington D. Simulation experiments on efficiencies of gene introgression by backcrossing. Crop Science. 2002;**42**:557-565

[87] Semagn K, Bjørnstad Å, Ndjiondjop MN. Principles, requirements and prospects of genetic mapping in plants. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2006;**25**:2569-2587

[88] Eurofins. (2017, January 13). Eurofins biodiagnostics. Retrieved September 13, 2017, From euro biodiagnostics. https://www.eurofinsus.com/biodiagnostics/our-services/

[89] Frisch M, Melchinger AE. Marker-assisted backcrossing for simultaneous introgression

[90] Francia E, Tacconi G, Crosatti C, Barabaschi D, Bulgarelli D, Dall'Aglio E, Vale G. Marker assisted selection in crop plants. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture. 2005;**82**:317-342

[91] Alkimim ER, Caixeta ET, Sousa TV, Pereira AA, Baião de Oliveira AC, Zambolim L, Sakiyama NS. Marker-assisted selection provides arabica coffee with genes from other *Coffea* species targeting on multiple resistance to rust and coffee berry disease.

[92] Francia E, Tacconi G, Crosatti C, Barabaschi D, Bulgarelli D, Dall'Aglio E, Vale G. Marker assisted selection in crop plants. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture. 2005;**82**:317-342

[93] Ribaut JM, Banziger M, Betran J, Jiang C, Edmeades GO, Dreher K, Hoisington D. Use of molecular markers in plant breeding: Drought tolerance improvement in tropical maize. In: Kang MS, editor. Quantitative Genetics, Genomics, and Plant Breeding.

[94] Collard BC, Mackill D. Marker-assisted seletion: an approach for precision plant breeding in the twenty-first centruy. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B.

[95] USDA. (2017, September 17). A plant & soil sciences elibrary. Retrieved from A plant & soil sciences elibrary website: http://www.passel.unl.edu/pages/informationmodule.

[96] Semagn K, Bjørnstad Å, Ndjiondjop MN. Principles, requirements and prospects of genetic mapping in plants. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2006;**25**:2569-2587

[97] Gupta PK, Varshney RK, Sharma PC, Ramesh B. Molecular markers and their applica-

[98] Weeden NR, Muehlbauer FJ, Ladizinsky G. Extensive conservation of linkage relationships between pea and lentil genetic maps. The Journal of Heredity. 1992;**83**:123-129 [99] Dekkers JCM. Commercial application of marker—and geneassisted selection in livestock: strategies and lessons. Paper presented at the 54th annual meeting of the European Association for Animal Production, Rome, 31 August − 3 September 2003

[100] Lee M. DNA markers and plant breeding programs. Advances in Agronomy. 1995;**55**:

[101] Bethesda MD. Lister Hill national center for biomedical communications, an intramural research division of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2013 September 3

php?idinformationmodule=1087488148&topicorder=7&maxto=10

tion in wheat breeding: A review. Plant Breeding. 1999;**118**:369-390

Molecular Breeding. 2017;**37**(6) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11032-016-0609-1

molecular-breeding/marker-assisted-backcrossing

of two genes. Crop Science. 2001;**41**:1716-1725

112 Recent Advances in Tomato Breeding and Production

Wallingford: CABI; 2002. pp. 85-99

2007;**363**(1491):557-572

265-344


*Edited by Seloame Tatu Nyaku and Agyemang Danquah*

Tomato cultivation is a major economic activity in many countries of the world. Thus, strategic efforts should be directed towards mitigating production constraints that limit overall yields and quality. In addressing some of these constraints, researchers are developing and using varieties of modern and innovative techniques to improve local tomato germplasm, make rapid genetic gains, and breed for varieties with resistance to biotic and abiotic stress. This book focuses on recent advances in genomics and genetic improvement of the tomato crop, and production systems, and center around the following themes: (i) disease and pest management in tomato production, and (ii) breeding tools and improvement of the tomato.

Published in London, UK © 2019 IntechOpen © mini444 / iStock

Recent Advances in Tomato Breeding and Production

Recent Advances in Tomato

Breeding and Production

*Edited by Seloame Tatu Nyaku* 

*and Agyemang Danquah*