**6. Conclusions**

Although elucidation of the mechanisms of HPV carcinogenesis and development of a prophylactic vaccine have made CC a preventable disease, eradication of CC is expected to take several decades. To decrease the mortality rate of CC, early detection by screening will remain important for a while. The clinical application of simple biomarkers to stratify HPV-positive women is important for maintenance of medical economy and avoidance of overtreatment of women in the reproductive age. To overcome cancer deaths due to CC, the development of inexpensive treatment options or therapeutic vaccines that can be readily used worldwide is necessary.
