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**Chapter 3**

**Provisional chapter**

**Uterine Cervical Cancer Screening**

**Uterine Cervical Cancer Screening**

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.72606

Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer and the third cause of death among women worldwide. More than 85% of the cases occur in developing countries. In Latin America, cervical cancer is the most common cause of cancer deaths among women, primarily in young women with devastating social impact. It is mostly the consequence of lack of a health care infrastructure that allows cervical cancer screening suitable for detecting pre-malignant lesions. With the knowledge that human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the main cause of cervical cancer, two major preventive interventions have emerged: HPV vaccination and screening, which involve the detection and treatment of cervical dysplasia and early-stage cervical cancer. HPV 16 and 18 cause up to 70% of all cervical cancer cases in Latin America and are covered in all available vaccines. Since tests for high-risk HPV types and HPV vaccines are expensive and they have not been included in immunization programs and given free of charge to eligible women in Venezuela and most less developed regions, screening campaigns with cytology and direct visualization of the cervix with VIN continue to be the major interventions that can prevent cervical cancer in these countries; they need to be implemented in a large scale. **Keywords:** cervical cancer screening, human papillomavirus, HPV vaccine, PAP test,

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Papanicolaou, cytology, acetic acid, oncogenic HPV

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution,

© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Cervical cancer is a public health problem in adult women in developing countries of South America, Central and Sub-Saharan Africa, meridional and Sub-oriental Asia [1]. It is the fourth most common cancer and the third cause of death among women worldwide [2]. Nine percent (529,800) of new cancer and 8% (275,100) of all cancer deaths in 2008 were caused by cervical cancer. More than 85% of the cases occur in developing countries. Twenty-seven percent (77,100) of all cervical cancer deaths occurred in India, the second most populous country

Doris Barboza and Esther Arbona

Doris Barboza and Esther Arbona

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.72606

**Abstract**

**1. Introduction**

in the world (**Figure 1**).
