**Abbreviations**



by Tang et al. who used mouse model of HPV-related cancer to demonstrate that Bregs accumulate in tumor-draining lymph nodes, have altered phenotype (specifically, altered expression of cell surface markers, such as MHC II, PD-L1, and CD39), exhibit high regulatory potency, thus fostering tumor growth [81]. In humans, many types of solid tumors were found to be accompanied with increased numbers of both tumor-infiltrating and circulating Bregs capable of producing suppressor cytokines (e.g., IL-10) and immune checkpoint ligands, thus impairing T cell function (see reviews [82, 83]), suggesting this issue to be investigated for cervical cancer patients.

110 Cervical Cancer - Screening, Treatment and Prevention - Universal Protocols for Ultimate Control

Further ways to develop approaches for the treatment of HPV-associated malignancies, including cervical cancer, belong to the area of combined therapies, where particular attention is to be paid to restoration the effectiveness of innate mechanisms of immune response, including those trigged by PRRs (e.g., STING). PRR agonists are expected to serve potent adjuvant function; another promising area is the use of agonists to stimulate NK, NKT, and γδT receptors. Despite substantial progress, there is clear understanding that stimulation of innate immune cells "per se" is senseless without concomitant inhibition of immunosuppressive factors (such as inhibitory molecules of immune checkpoint or other Treg-associated factors). Therefore, as illustrated by recent findings summarized in the chapter, there is obvious need for continuing comprehensive characterization of functional diversity of innate immune cells that organize cervical cancer immune regulatory network, exploration of noncanonical functions of innate immunity mediators, identification of precise resources of immune sup-

pression and assessments of local and systemic changes in immune parameters.

The work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, project No. 17-15-01024 (sections 1, 2, 4, 5); and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project No. 16-34-60019 (section 3).

**6. Conclusion**

**Acknowledgements**

**Conflict of interest**

**Abbreviations**

APC Antigen-presenting cell

CAR Chimeric antigen receptor

Breg Regulatory B cells

Authors have no conflict of interest to declare.

Th Helper T cell TLR Toll-like receptor Treg Regulatory T cell
