**3. Genetic factors**

There is no established model for a genetic base, although population studies have found increased risk in familiar groups. In the past, it was attributed to ambient environmental exposure and shared risk factors; however, subsequent data comparing sisters and half-sisters far exceed shared environments.

Research has been done to identify genetic alterations that can make women more susceptible to cervical cancer because of less resistance to HPV infection and persistent infection.

To date, results show a large polymorphism diversity in a wide variety of genes, including those regulating immunity and susceptibility [19–21] and generating a large amount of immune mechanism (cytokines production, angiogenesis, tumor suppression pathways, transcription activation) [22–24].
