**2.1. An analysis of the neuropsychological status in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus**

This study based on the results of a screening MoCA test showed that type 1 diabetes mellitus may manifest cognitive dysfunction in 72.4% of cases. Thus, one-third of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus had cognitive dysfunction compared to the control group (**Table 1**).

When assessing the individual tasks of the MoCA test, a statistically significant decrease in the parameter of the short-term memory was registered. The exercise included memorizing


Screening for mild and moderate cognitive impairment was performed using the MoCA test, which assesses various cognitive functions: visual–spatial perception (the test of drawing a clock and a cube); executive functions (task of creating an alternating path and testing the ability to abstract thinking); attention, concentration, and operational memory (serial subtraction by 7 and playback of the digital series in forward and reverse order); and speech (naming animals, repetition of two syntactically complex sentences) and the specificity of the method is 90% [10]. Statistical processing of the obtained data was carried out using the application

Characteristics of the carbohydrate metabolism parameters showed a difference in the parameters between the main group and the control group. The average level of HbA1c in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus was 8.8 ± 1.8%, and the average level of fasting glycemia was 11.5 ± 5.0 mmol/l. This indicated an unsatisfactory metabolic control. In addition, differences in the parameters of carbohydrate metabolism were revealed taking into account gender characteristics, so women had better values of fasting and HbA1c glycemia

In the control group, healthy volunteers complained of asthenic syndrome (37.9%), manifestations of which were fatigue (13.3%), dizziness (6.7%), and headache (16.9%). Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus also had these complaints but in a more pronounced form. The next in frequency recorded cephalic syndrome, occurring in 25.9% of patients. Among the localizations, the most frequent areas were occipital (60%) and temporal (2.6%) areas, with the same frequency; headache was diffuse and was found in the frontal region. The most common cause of headache was overexertion due to stress. In addition, complaints were found from the peripheral nervous system on paresthesia (37.9%), pain (22.4%), numbness (12.1%), and convulsions in the lower extremities (6.9%). Often, patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus complained of memory loss. This was manifested by the difficulty in concentrating, remembering new information, and solving short-term problems. The objective status of patients was characterized by autonomic symptoms, manifested as anxiety. Neurological symptoms of the examined patients were mainly represented by disorders of the autonomic nervous system, namely, distal and diffuse hyperhidrosis (in 43.1% of patients) and persistent red spilled dermographism (in 22.4% of patients) in the face, neck, and décolleté area. The manifestations of lesions of the peripheral nervous system were in the form of diabetic polyneuropathy. Sensory disorders were noted from the lower extremities in 62% of cases and the upper ones in 27.5%. A clinical study of random movements in the limbs with an evaluation of the tone

revealed a hypotonia of the upper limbs in 51.7% and lower in 34.5% of cases.

**2.1. An analysis of the neuropsychological status in patients with type 1 diabetes** 

diabetes mellitus had cognitive dysfunction compared to the control group (**Table 1**).

This study based on the results of a screening MoCA test showed that type 1 diabetes mellitus may manifest cognitive dysfunction in 72.4% of cases. Thus, one-third of patients with type 1

When assessing the individual tasks of the MoCA test, a statistically significant decrease in the parameter of the short-term memory was registered. The exercise included memorizing

software package R Systems International.

than men.

18 Cognitive Disorders

**mellitus**

Note: The significance of differences between the control group and patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus at the parameters of MoCA test: \* p < 0.001, m is the median, and SD is the standard deviation.

**Table 1.** Characteristics of the MoCA test parameters in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and control group.

five words and repeating them after subsequent tasks in about 5 minutes. Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus had difficulty in reproducing words, were confused, and invented new words. At the same time, this task was performed unsatisfactorily by both men and women. The attention function was evaluated using two tasks. The first task is a numerical series, that is, a repetition of the numbers mentioned. With this task men were worse than women. The second task is the serial subtraction by 7, which was given equally hard.
