**Acknowledgements**

Obviously, according to the statement mentioned before, not every health professional is familiar with the complexities of dementia diagnosis. Therefore, to select the medical doctor with the necessary skill and experience to diagnose all different types of dementia is

The MMSE is the most widely used cognitive screening test worldwide, and it is a very brief investigation of the patient's cognitive status used in diagnosing dementia types and serves to evaluate appearance and behavior, attitude, perception, orientation, judgment, cognition, abstraction, and insight. It can be administered quickly and repetitively. Patient is requested to identify the time, date, and place (including street, city, and state) where the test is taking place, be able to count backward, identify objects previously known by them, be able to repeat common phrases, perform basic skills involving math, language, and comprehension, and demonstrate basic motor skills. This examination provides information to distinguish organic from "functional" illnesses and also provides objective data regarding the patient's improving or deteriorating sensorium. It helps substantiate clinical decisions on competence,

*Some researchers have questioned the utility of brief cognitive tests such as the MMSE and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in serial administration and suggested that brief cognitive tests may not accurately track changes in global cognition and other investigator also confirmed that there is limited utility in brief cognitive tests for tracking cognitive decline. Instead, they should be used for identifying participants who remain cognitively stable on follow-up. These results accentuate the importance of acknowledging the limitations of brief cognitive tests when assessing cognitive change* [192]. Eleven versions of the MMSE were identified, and the Bertolucci et al. [193] version is the most cited

The Mini-Cog is a brief, cognitive screening test that is frequently used to evaluate cognition in older adults in various settings; the mini-cog takes only a few minutes to administer and is used as an initial screening for different types of cognitive disorders. The patient is required to identify three objects in the office, then draw the face of a clock in its entirety from memory,

There are currently few studies assessing the diagnostic test accuracy of the Mini-Cog in community settings. The limited number of studies and the methodological limitations that are present in the study done by Fage et al. *made it difficult to provide recommendations for or against the use of the Mini-Cog as a cognitive screening test in community settings. Additional well-designed studies comparing the Mini-Cog to other brief cognitive screening tests are required in order to determine the accuracy and utility of the Mini-Cog in community-based settings* [195]. The clock drawing test and the MMSE have been used in dementia screening over the past 30 years, and they were the tests of choice in almost all relevant investigations on cognitive disorders already done.

Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is a cognitive screening instrument that was designed

Based on the MoCA scores, the patients were further categorized as normal cognition (PD-NC) if their MoCA scores were 26–30 or mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI) if their scores

Below, we describe the most commonly used tests to diagnose dementia.

potential for danger, and hospitalization [191].

and finally, recall the three items identified earlier.

to address some of the limitations of the MMSE [196].

were 18–25 according to a Malaysian study [197].

in the medical literature [194].

mandatory.

210 Cognitive Disorders

We would like to thank Dr. NE Cishe, Director of the Research Office Walter Sisulu University; Penelope Dawson, Department of Research, Walter Sisulu University in South Africa; and Lorna Maria, Thabo Humberto Jorge, and Fatima Susana Adolfina for their unconditional support.
