Preface

Chapter 8 **The Hypothalamus in Alzheimer's Disease: A Golgi and Electron**

Chapter 9 **Updated Information on Some Cognitive Disorders 191**

Stavros Ioannou Baloyannis, Ioannis Mavroudis, Demetrios Mitilineos, Ioannis S. Baloyannis and Vasiliki G. Costa

Humberto Foyaca Sibat and Lourdes de Fatima Ibanez Valdes

**and Microscope Study 167**

**VI** Contents

This book contains a group of selected peer-reviewed chapters that were revised by the members of the IJN editorial board and the chief editor of this project at least twice. An im‐ portant number of constructive recommendations and necessary modifications were imple‐ mented on the chapters before they were finally accepted for publication.

Apart from the introductory chapter on cognitive disorders and their historical background, some authors have dedicated many pages to discuss tau proteins and tauopathies, and an overview of tau proteins as a biological fluid biomarker and tauopathies in different degen‐ erative diseases and even in cancer is presented.

As we will see in this book, dementia is a pathological, neurodegenerative process leading to a progressive decline in cognitive and daily functional abilities. It has many causes, sever‐ al clinical manifestations, and heterogeneity with respect to the impact of sex or gender on prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes.

The current situation of patients with dementia at the correction setting is discussed, and important proposals for improving their situation are made.

Many novel aspects on dementia, including relevant information on Alzheimer's disease (AD), frontotemporal dementia, idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus, Wernicke–Kor‐ sakoff's syndrome, vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and Parkinson's dementia, among others, are mentioned.

This book aims to present in synthesized form the role played by diabetes mellitus in cogni‐ tive functions.

This project reports results from a systematic search of PubMed, looking for articles publish‐ ed about the different clinical and etiological presentations of dementia.

The effective restorative home support services for patients with cognitive disorders are an‐ other important issue highlighted in this book. Finally, we discuss the role of the hypothala‐ mus in AD.

In summary, updated aspects of cognitive dysfunction are sourced from eight chapters from some of the world's top central nervous system researchers and neurologists to provide a timely review of the state of the art in cognitive disorders and dementia, covering historical aspects, genetics, pathogenesis, clinical aspects, and imagenology, among others. Contribu‐ tors from different countries have collaborated enthusiastically and efficiently to create this reader-friendly but comprehensive work covering the topics with many explanatory figures to enhance legibility and make the book useful. Countless hours have been spent writing these chapters, and precious free time to be dedicated to our families, relatives, and friends

has been sacrificed, but in the end, we all are very proud of this book. We are looking forward with confidence and pride to the vital role that this book will play for a new vision and mis‐ sion.

The new university was named in honor of an icon of the South African liberation struggle and close comrade of Nelson Mandela, the late Walter Max Ulyate Sisulu. Many thanks go to Dr. E.N. Cishe, the Acting Director Research Development of WSU; Professor A.J. Mboka‐ zi, the Dean of the Faculty of Health Sciences (WSU); Prof. Thozama Dubula, the Head of the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics; Dr. M. Mdledle, the Acting Governor Gener‐ al Director of the Clinical Governance of Nelson Mandela Central Hospital; and Mrs. N.P. Makwedini, the Chief Executive Officer of Nelson Mandela Central Hospital for the best un‐ derstanding and support. Finally, I extend my deepest sense of appreciation for the support received from Dr. Roberto Morales Ojeda, the Minister of Public Health of Cuba, and Dr. Jorge Delgado Bustillo, the Deputy Director of the Cuban National Unit for International

**Prof. H. Foyaca Sibat, MD, PhD, MSc**

Head of the Department of Neurology Nelson Mandela Academic Hospital

Full Scientist Research

Preface IX

Faculty of Health Sciences Walter Sisulu University Mthatha, South Africa

First- and Second-Degree Specialist in Neurology

Cooperation in Health.

Every effort has been made to check all novel information given in this book, but it is impor‐ tant for our readership to scrutinize the latest information considering that it is a dynamic process of learning. We all attempted to bring in valuable updated information for all issues mentioned in this book. Every effort has been made in the preparation and editing of this book to ensure that the information given is correct, but it is possible that errors have been over‐ looked. Finally, we would like to highlight that we reviewed all controversial matters and our medical criteria and scientists' opinions have been expressed with modesty, honesty, and re‐ spect, but the reader is advised to refer to other published information to check accuracy.
