**Meet the editor**

Dr. Sahadev Sharma is a forest ecologist with an international PhD in Plant Ecology and Physiology from the University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. He has been conducting research on mangrove forest ecology and physiology from organ to landscape level using a wide spectrum of methods and technologies such as remote sensing and field-based monitoring and sampling, inte-

grating ecological, chemical, and hydrological data. He is associated with the global project SWAMP (Sustainable Wetland Adaptation and Mitigation Program) funded by the United States Agency for International Development. He has working experience in top-class institutes such as the Tokyo Institute of Technology, the University of Hawaii at Manoa, and the Institute of Pacific and Island Forestry. He has been involved in research in different countries (India, Japan, Indonesia, the Philippines, Cambodia, Palau, Hawaii, Mexico, Vietnam and Madagascar). He is the author of about 45 research works published in many peer-reviewed journals and about 60 international conference papers.

Contents

**Preface VII**

Sahadev Sharma

**Delta, Nigeria 17** Aroloye O. Numbere

Kupec Anna

**Section 3 Mangrove Physiology 79**

**Salt Stress 81**

Shaoliang Chen

Chapter 1 **Introductory Chapter: Mangrove Ecosystem Research Trends -**

Chapter 2 **Mangrove Species Distribution and Composition, Adaptive Strategies and Ecosystem Services in the Niger River**

Chapter 3 **The Comparison of Vascular Epiphytes Diversity Related to**

**Greenfields, Eastern Coast of Nicaragua 41**

Chapter 4 **Cameroon Mangrove Forest Ecosystem: Ecological and**

Chapter 5 **Salt Compartmentation and Antioxidant Defense in Roots and Leaves of Two Non-Salt Secretor Mangroves under**

Niya Li, Xiaoyang Zhou, Ruigang Wang, Jinke Li, Cunfu Lu and

**Environmental Dimensions 53**

Ngomba Longonje Simon

**their Occurrence in Natural and Artificial Mangrove Channels,**

**Where has the Focus been So Far 3**

**Section 2 Mangrove Ecology, Structure and Function 15**

**Section 1 Introduction 1**

## Contents



Chapter 5 **Salt Compartmentation and Antioxidant Defense in Roots and Leaves of Two Non-Salt Secretor Mangroves under Salt Stress 81** Niya Li, Xiaoyang Zhou, Ruigang Wang, Jinke Li, Cunfu Lu and Shaoliang Chen

### **Section 4 Mangrove Faunal Ecology 105**

Chapter 6 **Diversity and Distribution of Polychaetes in Mangroves of East Coast of India 107** Perumal Murugesan, Palanivel Partha Sarathy, Samikkannu Muthuvelu and Gopalan Mahadevan

Preface

graded and deforested mangrove areas.

ferent aspects of ecology, structure, function, and bioprospecting.

Mangrove forest can also fit into remaining SDGs.

ecologists, and other researchers in the field.

The suggestion for me to edit this book started with an e-mail from Marina of Intech Publi‐ cations. Because the book is related to the mangrove ecosystem and because I have been involved in mangrove ecology and physiology for the last 10 years, I therefore agreed. My motivation to edit this book was to share my enthusiasm for the mangrove ecosystem.

Mangroves are a very productive tropical and subtropical ecosystem. They provide many ecosystem services for coastal communities. However, they are the most threatened ecosys‐ tem on earth due to anthropogenic influence and climate change. Ongoing coastal develop‐ ment activities and land use changes have led to the decline of mangrove forest areas and a deterioration in the quality of the ecosystem. Therefore, the time is now right to protect mangrove forests through conservation and management, as well as by rehabilitation of de‐

The last two decades of mangrove research have been elevated globally to understand reha‐ bilitation, blue carbon dynamics, the impact of sea level rise, and climate change. However, this research has come from only a small number of countries but the need is for a global understanding of mangrove dynamics. Therefore, this book comprises mangrove ecosys‐ tem-related research from Central and South America, West Africa, and Asia. It offers an overview of the mangrove ecosystem comprising many interesting chapters focusing on dif‐

We are familiar with the contributions of mangrove forest ecosystem services in terms of meeting global objectives. Mangrove forests can help to achieve sustainable development goals in coastal areas by mitigating climate change by storing and sequestering long-term carbon (SDG 13) and coastal area and ocean shelters related to biological diversity (SDG 14).

I would like to thank all the authors for providing important information related to the man‐ grove ecosystem from their respective countries. Also, I thank them for their cooperation

I would like to thank my family and friends for their support and understanding during the time I was working on this book. I hope it will be valuable for graduate students, mangrove

**Sahadev Sharma**

University of Malaya

Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences

during book editing by submitting chapters and review comments on time.

#### **Section 5 Mangrove Geochemistry 131**

Chapter 7 **Morphology, Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Mangrove Soil under Riverine and Marine Influence: A Case Study on Subaé River Basin, Bahia, Brazil 133** Marcela Rebouças Bomfim, Jorge Antônio Gonzaga Santos, Oldair Vinhas Costa, Joseane Nascimento da Conceiçao, Alyne Araújo da Silva, Claudineia de Souza Souza and Maria da Conceição de Almeida

#### **Section 6 Mangrove Bioprospect 163**


## Preface

**Section 4 Mangrove Faunal Ecology 105**

**VI** Contents

**Coast of India 107**

**Section 5 Mangrove Geochemistry 131**

Almeida

**Section 6 Mangrove Bioprospect 163**

**Endophytic Fungi 165** Jing Zhou and Jing Xu

Canas and Eusebio Cano

Muthuvelu and Gopalan Mahadevan

Chapter 7 **Morphology, Physical and Chemical Characteristics of**

Chapter 8 **Chemistry and Biodiversity of Rhizophora-Derived**

**Section 7 Mangrove Conservation and Management 187**

Chapter 9 **Analysis of the Conservation of Central American Mangroves**

Ana Cano-Ortiz, Carmelo Maria Musarella, José Carlos Piñar Fuentes, Carlos Jose Pinto Gomes, Sara Del Rio, Ricardo Quinto

**Using the Phytosociological Method 189**

**Study on Subaé River Basin, Bahia, Brazil 133**

Chapter 6 **Diversity and Distribution of Polychaetes in Mangroves of East**

Perumal Murugesan, Palanivel Partha Sarathy, Samikkannu

**Mangrove Soil under Riverine and Marine Influence: A Case**

Marcela Rebouças Bomfim, Jorge Antônio Gonzaga Santos, Oldair Vinhas Costa, Joseane Nascimento da Conceiçao, Alyne Araújo da Silva, Claudineia de Souza Souza and Maria da Conceição de

The suggestion for me to edit this book started with an e-mail from Marina of Intech Publi‐ cations. Because the book is related to the mangrove ecosystem and because I have been involved in mangrove ecology and physiology for the last 10 years, I therefore agreed. My motivation to edit this book was to share my enthusiasm for the mangrove ecosystem.

Mangroves are a very productive tropical and subtropical ecosystem. They provide many ecosystem services for coastal communities. However, they are the most threatened ecosys‐ tem on earth due to anthropogenic influence and climate change. Ongoing coastal develop‐ ment activities and land use changes have led to the decline of mangrove forest areas and a deterioration in the quality of the ecosystem. Therefore, the time is now right to protect mangrove forests through conservation and management, as well as by rehabilitation of de‐ graded and deforested mangrove areas.

The last two decades of mangrove research have been elevated globally to understand reha‐ bilitation, blue carbon dynamics, the impact of sea level rise, and climate change. However, this research has come from only a small number of countries but the need is for a global understanding of mangrove dynamics. Therefore, this book comprises mangrove ecosys‐ tem-related research from Central and South America, West Africa, and Asia. It offers an overview of the mangrove ecosystem comprising many interesting chapters focusing on dif‐ ferent aspects of ecology, structure, function, and bioprospecting.

We are familiar with the contributions of mangrove forest ecosystem services in terms of meeting global objectives. Mangrove forests can help to achieve sustainable development goals in coastal areas by mitigating climate change by storing and sequestering long-term carbon (SDG 13) and coastal area and ocean shelters related to biological diversity (SDG 14). Mangrove forest can also fit into remaining SDGs.

I would like to thank all the authors for providing important information related to the man‐ grove ecosystem from their respective countries. Also, I thank them for their cooperation during book editing by submitting chapters and review comments on time.

I would like to thank my family and friends for their support and understanding during the time I was working on this book. I hope it will be valuable for graduate students, mangrove ecologists, and other researchers in the field.

> **Sahadev Sharma** Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences University of Malaya

**Section 1**

**Introduction**

**Section 1**
