**Author details**

When the implant period was extended to 8 weeks, immature osteogenesis was observed in the cortical bone around the bare PEEK implant, and new bone tissue was maturing after 12 weeks. However, fibrous tissue was still identified at the interface between the implants and bone tissues, indicating that the osseointegration capacity of bare PEEK implants is very limited, even when the implantation period is extended. By contrast, 8 weeks after the implan‐

that the new bone tissue was maturing and osteocytes covered the their surface. In other

indicated that the degree of bone bonding between new bone and the R‐TiO2

implant was significantly better than that between new bone and the A‐TiO<sup>2</sup>

of biomaterials were described. Specifically, it was found that introducing TiO<sup>2</sup>

**1.** Owing to the efficient photocatalytic performance of its anatase phase structure, A‐TiO<sup>2</sup>

postulated as a direct consequence of its ceramic nature, suggesting that TiO2

**3.** Based on the *in vitro* and *in vivo* tests, the bioactivity and osseointegration of all TiO2

medical implements to reduce the risk of hospital‐acquired infections.

In summary, the *in vitro* and *in vivo* characteristics can be improved by TiO2

coating was also noted.

osteoblast compatibility, and osseointegration. These phenomena are attributable to the abun‐

stainless steel and PEEK specimens adds various anticorrosive, antimicrobial, and bioactive surface properties to the materials, which were systematically reviewed herein. The following

stainless steel exhibits excellent antimicrobial efficacy against *S. aureus* and *E. coli* bacteria. The material could possibly serve as a new antimicrobial treatment for surgical instruments and

‐coated PEEK implants, histological sections in the marrow cavity revealed

coatings perform particularly well, promoting biomimetic HA growth,

coatings prepared using the AIP technique to alter the surface properties

coating triggers quick bone remodeling. The new

surface [35–37].

coatings in a 3.5 wt% sodium chloride solution was

‐coated PEEK specimens are suggested for use

coatings are highly suitable for surface

coatings because of the abundance of negatively charged hydroxyl

coating in the cavity after 12 weeks

coating and the new bone in some

‐coated PEEK

‐coated PEEK

coating to

‐coated

is electro‐

coatings exhibited greater per‐

coat‐

coating because of

coatings with different phase structures

tation of the TiO2

118 Application of Titanium Dioxide

words, the osteoconductive effect of TiO<sup>2</sup>

areas; detachment of the A‐TiO2

its bioactivity; R‐TiO2

**4. Conclusions**

In this chapter, TiO2

conclusions can be drawn:

formance than A‐TiO2

in clinical applications.

**2.** The high corrosion resistance of TiO2

chemically inert in the human body environment.

groups on its surface. Consequently, TiO2

modifications of biomedical materials.

**4.** Overall, the aforementioned results prove that TiO2

ings were far superior to bioinert PEEK; moreover, R‐TiO2

bone was fully mature and closely integrated with the TiO2

implant. In addition, some gaps existed between the A‐TiO2

dance of negatively charged hydroxyl groups on the R‐TiO2

(**Figure 11** [37]). However, a comparison of the TiO2

Hsi‐Kai Tsou1,2\* and Ping‐Yen Hsieh3

\*Address all correspondence to: tsouhsikai@gmail.com

1 Functional Neurosurgery Division, Neurological Institute, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan, ROC

2 Department of Rehabilitation, Jen‐Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli County, Taiwan, ROC

3 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan, ROC
