4.2.2.2. Self-help groups

Many studies of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and motivational interviewing (MI) with contingency management or standard care, comprising 6 months of supportive group therapy,

Family support may enhance individual and group treatment with case management or assertive community with enhanced substance use treatment services to reduce or eliminate

Relapse prevention strategies have been widely shown to be effective [22]. Behavioral change is difficult, but change related to drug addiction is even more difficult because of chemical imbalance in the brain thereby induced. Persons rarely make sudden or drastic behavioral

Positively, group interactions for PDD have the potential to change social attitudes and behaviors and are generally cost-effective. For decades, structured behavioral and social skill training was utilized to rehabilitate persons with long-term mental illnesses to overcome difficulties in concentration and learning. As Horsfall et al. [23] noted "At the micro-level, programs encourage participants to explore thoughts and expectations that are a help or hindrance, as well as address interpersonal stressors and supports." Such programs aim to improve conversational skills and social functioning and develop problem-solving skills, such as overcoming practical problems with self-care, money management, shopping, cooking, and employment readiness. Substance abusers have to learn to recognize high-risk

• Functional analysis of drug addiction antecedents and consequence

Enhance social skills • Learning skill for forming and maintaining interpersonal relationship, assertiveness, and

• Creating a written agreement with the patient that specified targeted patient behavior

• Patients receiving incentives or rewards for adaptive behavior or meeting specific behavioral goals. It is based on principles of operant conditioning, which posit that behavior that is followed by positive consequences is more likely to be repeated. It supports the view that positive incentives are more effective in producing improved outcomes than

changes and maintain them with no return to previous behavior.

revealed positive outcomes [15].

4.2.1.3. Family support

54 Drug Addiction

drug addiction [21].

4.2.1.4. Relapse prevention

4.2.2. Group intervention 4.2.2.1. Group dynamic

Nursing aims Nursing strategies Enhance self-control • Goal setting

Enhance behavior contracting

Contingency management • Self-monitoring

• Learning alternative coping skill

and consequences

say no from drug

negative consequences

Table 1. Nursing strategies to enhance self-control, self-efficacy, and social skills in CBT.

Self-help groups often play important and meaningful roles for persons with dual diagnoses, offering essential social support from others who understand the difficulties of remaining sober. They provide a structure for daily living and commitment to stopping drug abuse. Research reveals that PDDs who consistently attend self-help groups for at least 1 year achieve reduced drug addiction outcomes [4, 22].
