4.2.2. Group intervention

#### 4.2.2.1. Group dynamic

Positively, group interactions for PDD have the potential to change social attitudes and behaviors and are generally cost-effective. For decades, structured behavioral and social skill training was utilized to rehabilitate persons with long-term mental illnesses to overcome difficulties in concentration and learning. As Horsfall et al. [23] noted "At the micro-level, programs encourage participants to explore thoughts and expectations that are a help or hindrance, as well as address interpersonal stressors and supports." Such programs aim to improve conversational skills and social functioning and develop problem-solving skills, such as overcoming practical problems with self-care, money management, shopping, cooking, and employment readiness. Substance abusers have to learn to recognize high-risk


Table 1. Nursing strategies to enhance self-control, self-efficacy, and social skills in CBT.

situations (such as carrying money and proximity to easy drug access locations and people) and to participate in role play to develop personalized ways of avoiding or extricating themselves from those situations. "Realistic relapse-prevention approaches have to be tailored to each participant's abilities and style" [23].
