**2.5. Liquid oil from pyrolysis of jatropha cake**

Pyrolysis is a thermal decomposition without oxygen that converts biomass into solid (charcoal), liquid (tar and other organics, such as acetic acid, acetone and methanol) and gaseous products (H<sup>2</sup> , CO2 , CO). *J. curcas* seed cake is lignocellulosic biomass that consists of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin contents. Lignocelluloses decompose at different temperatures. Hemicelluloses decompose at temperatures of 470–530 K. Meanwhile, cellulose decomposes at the temperature range between 510 and 620 K and lignin being the last component to pyrolyze at temperatures of 550–770 K [16]. Thus, pyrolysis of *J. curcas* seed cake is being carried out at elevated temperature [17]. The liquid oil as pyrolysis product has a reddish-brown color with an irritant odor [18].

such as modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE). The cake of jatropha and the shell were utilized for polymer composite production by Hrabě [24] and Raju [25]. Jatropha cakes were in two forms, *viz*., continuous (as epoxy adhesive) and discontinuous phase (as reinforcing particles). The filler moisture was 4.59 ± 0.22% wet basis. Raju [25] produced polymer composite by using jatropha shell as reinforcement and reported that 20 wt% of shell has maximum MOR of 40.57 MPa and 60 wt% of shell as reinforcement has maximum MOE of

*Jatropha Curcas* L. Biomass Waste and Its Utilization http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.72803 279

Adsorbent (activated carbon) was produced by using jatropha pods (hull). It is used as an adsorbent for the removal of reactive dye, Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) [26]. It adsorbed 24.5 g dye by using 0.1 g activated carbon from jatropha pods. Further, the adsorbent removed almost 245 g dye per g activated carbon. Another study [26] reported that the hull of jatropha produced active carbon that had the potential to remove heavy-metal ions, such as zinc and cadmium from waste water and dye (malachite green) and has shown a remarkable adsorption capacity. Its adsorption capacity can reach up to 11.89 mg/g for cadmium removal. Biosorption of Zinc (II) from waste water was also supported by Abidin et al. [27] by using aqueous solution of jatropha press cake (kernel part only). Abidin et al. [27] reported that ~40 mg/L Zinc (II) was removed from 1 L waste water by using 0.5 g jatropha press cake in about 100 minutes. It revealed that jatropha has potential for adsorbent production either in the form of activated carbon or deoiled-press cake itself without any

Resin is one of the essential chemical in polymer industries. One of resins, alkyd, is widely applied in coatings and paint industries. Usually, resin is produced by using palm oil and other edible oil such as rapeseed, coconut and soybean oil. However, utilization of edible oil affects food security. Thus, non-edible oil such as jatropha oil has potential for substituting the edible oil in resin production. The jatropha seed oil-based epoxy acrylate synthesized has a potential to be used in formulations for the pre-polymer resin for UV curable coating applications [28, 29]. Further, phenolic resin derived from jatropha seed-husk lignin is used

*Jatropha curcas* L. is a potential biofuel plant especially in tropical and subtropical land. It is resistant to environmental factors such as low nutrient and low moisture soil. All of the plant parts and also its waste have multipurpose uses to generate valuable commercialized product. Moreover, high non-edible oil content in jatropha seed makes this plant popular as a renewable resource for bioenergy and food security. Thus, this plant is considerable rising

star for solution of better future in the energy security demand.

8.204 GPa.

**2.9. Adsorbent**

prior treatment [27].

as phenol substitute.

**3. Conclusion**

**2.10. Resin**

*J. curcas* seed cake has empirical formula of CH1.53O0.4N0.007S0.0008 with H/C ratio 1.53. The gross energy value of seed cake was found to be 17.7 MJ/kg. Pyrolysis of seed cake can obtain maximum yield of oil (31.17% by wt) at 500°C [17]. Fast pyrolysis without catalyst (thermal pyrolysis) produced wide range of organic compounds. Purification needs to be addressed such as liquid–liquid extraction into aqueous and organic phases. This oil is considered as another source for biofuel. The sludge obtained after biogas can be used as fertilizer.
