8. Conclusion

Viscosities of all non-edible oils were ranging from 3.8 to 8.8, which comply with the standard biodiesel of EN 14214 and ASTM 6791–09, except neem methyl ester (Table 2). The neem oil was the most viscous one among the six oils. Consequently, the viscosity of neem methyl ester was the highest in their respective series. Biodiesel derived from jatropha, karanja, polanga,

Note: JME = Jatropha Methyl Ester, KME = Karanja Methyl Ester, PME = Polanga Methyl Ester, MME = Mahua Methyl

Properties JME KME PME MME NME RME Diesel Biodiesel standard

Specific gravity 0.86–0.88 0.88–0.89 —— — 0.87 0.84 0.86–0.90 0.87–0.90 Calorific value (MJ/kg) 42.7 42.1 41.4 37.0 40.1 36.5 42.5 — —

Flash point (C) 148 163 140 208 — 130 45 ≥120 ≥130 Cloud point (C) 10.2 14.6 13.2 — — 4.0 1.0 — — Pour point (C) 4.2 5.1 4.3 6.0 — 8.0 16.0 — — Cetane number 60.7–63.3 59.7–60.9 52.5 — ——— — 47 min

/s) at 40C 4.2 4.4 4.0 4.0 8.8 5.8 3.8 3.5–5.0 1.9–6.0

EN 14214 ASTM 6751–09

Recently, biodiesel production from non-edible oil has risen. In South-East Asia, countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, and Thailand have taken initiatives to develop biodiesel from non-edible oil generally using J. curcas. Indonesia has taken several steps in biodiesel roadmap including target to use 10% of diesel fuel consumption of 2.41 million kL within 2005–2010, spread out over Indonesia including Sumatera (Riau, Medan, South Sumatera, Jambi, and Dumai), Banten, West Kalimantan, Balikpapan, Papua, and Merauke in 2007– 2011. Biodiesel utilization will increase in 15% of diesel fuel consumption of 4.52 million kL by 2011–2015 and finally 20% of diesel fuel consumption of 10.22 million kL within 2025 [50]. Indonesia developed J. curcas and C. inophyllum as biodiesel feedstock. The country plans to breed 10 million of C. inophyllum seeds on 10,000 ha in Madura [51]. The Ministry of Forestry, Republic of Indonesia reported that, the engine runs well without problem on a road test with

Malaysia started with breeding high quality J. curcas seeds, sets-up the country policy, proper process and invests in the land for jatropha cultivation for biofuel production since 2005. Malaysia has also invested in processing plants and J. curcas [52, 53] plantations. On the other

rubber, mahua, and neem were found to comply with the industrial standards.

7. Status of biodiesel production in South-East Asia

Source: Shaoo and Das [20]; Ghadge and Raherman [49]; Ramadhas et al. [29].

Ester, RME = Rubber Methyl Ester, NME = Neem Methyl Ester.

Table 2. Biodiesel properties from various non-edible oil feedstock.

Viscosity (mm<sup>2</sup>

210 Advances in Biofuels and Bioenergy

370 km mileage by using biodiesel obtained from C. inophyllum.

Production of biodiesel from edible oil such as palm, coconut, soybean, corn, rape seed oils, or other food crops like sugarcane will lead to severe shortage in food and its security. High price of edible oil makes them not feasible for the production biodiesel. In this situation, use of oils from non-edible sources may increase fuel security without interfering with the food security. South-East Asian countries fall in the tropical region and have many species of crops of nonedible oil. The non-edible crops can grow in waste as well as in marginal lands which may be helpful for reclaiming the unproductive areas. It is better to exploit these non-edible oils as feedstocks for biodiesel production. Major non-edible plants in this region are jatropha, karanja, polanga, neem, rubber, and mahua have shown significant potential as biodiesel feedstock. Biodiesel properties and fatty acid composition has in-direct correlation because transesterification cannot change the fatty acid composition. Fatty acid compositions give paradoxal properties among cetane number, low temperature properties, and stability of the products. Optimal characteristics could not be achieved within this current time. At present the end usage production is low and utilization of these oils are limited. Exploitation and utilization of these non-edible oils as biodiesel feedstock can save foreign currency, fossil fuel dependency, and equally improve the rural economy as well as future job opportunities.
