**3. Fuel compositions**

The commercial diesel fuel selected in the present work conforms to standard European Union fuel (EN590), formed of 98 hydrocarbons represented by 9 groups, categorized according to their chemical formulae. Molar fractions of various components in this fuel are presented in **Table 1**, inferred from [28].

For gasoline fuel, the number of the components with identical chemical formulae and close thermodynamic and transport properties are replaced with characteristic components leading to reducing the original composition of gasoline fuel (83 components) to 20 components only, represented by 6 hydrocarbon groups as presented in **Table 2** (see [27] for more details). The biodiesel fuels are formed of up to 22 species of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). These are inferred from [24, 36] and presented in **Table 3**.


SMD

SMD

**2.2. Evaporation model**

62 Advances in Biofuels and Bioenergy

tion for the temperature

*t* is the time,

*p* is the pressure difference.

*T* = *T* ( *t*, *R*

The time evolution of species mass fractions at any

\_\_\_ <sup>∂</sup>*T*∂*<sup>t</sup>*

*<sup>κ</sup>*eff is the effective thermal diffusivity.

where Δ

where,

where, *i* > 1,

tion inside droplets.

**3. Fuel compositions**

**Table 1**, inferred from [28].

inferred from [24, 36] and presented in **Table 3**

and *χ Y*

lated as [33]:

= 23 *d*0 0.35 LP0.1

= 2253 *μ l* 0.633 *p l*−0.507 *p a*−4.565 ×10 − 3

= *κ*eff ( ∂ <sup>2</sup> \_\_\_*T* ∂ *R*<sup>2</sup> + \_\_2*R* \_\_\_ ∂*T*∂*R*

∂ *<sup>Y</sup>*\_\_\_*li* ∂*t* = *D*eff ( ∂ 2 *<sup>Y</sup>* \_\_\_\_*li* ∂ *R*<sup>2</sup> + \_\_2*R* ∂ *<sup>Y</sup>*\_\_\_*li* ∂*R*

*<sup>D</sup>*eff is the effective liquid species diffusivity,

is a coefficient that varies between 1 and 2.72 [19, 20].

For ethanol-kerosene blends for air-blast atomizer, it was found that the SMD can be calcu

The DC model is based on the analytical solutions to the heat transfer and species diffusion equa

culation, temperature gradients and species diffusion inside droplets. The heat conduction equa

*R* is the distance from the center of the droplet,

The commercial diesel fuel selected in the present work conforms to standard European Union fuel (EN590), formed of 98 hydrocarbons represented by 9 groups, categorized according to their chemical formulae. Molar fractions of various components in this fuel are presented in

For gasoline fuel, the number of the components with identical chemical formulae and close thermodynamic and transport properties are replaced with characteristic components lead

ing to reducing the original composition of gasoline fuel (83 components) to 20 components only, represented by 6 hydrocarbon groups as presented in **Table 2** (see [27] for more details). The biodiesel fuels are formed of up to 22 species of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). These are

.

) in the liquid phase in a spherical droplet can be presented as

*D*eff = *χ Y D l* , *D l*

> *χ Y*

tions via the effective thermal conductivity (ETC) model and effective diffusivity (ED) model. The importance of these models can be attributed to the fact that they take into account the recir

∆*p* −0.54 *ρ g*

0.06 (4)

) (6)

*R* is described by the following Eq. [19, 35]:

) (7)

takes into account the recircula

*T* is the temperature and

is the liquid diffusivity


(5)






:

**Table 1.**

The diesel fuel composition (molar fractions) used in our analyses [28].


**Table 2.** The groups of gasoline fuel molecules, their molar fractions, and the numbers of components within each group, as used in our models [27].


**4. Results**

**4.1. Atomization**

**Table 3.** Biodiesel fuel compositions [24, 36].

**FAME Biodiesel fuels**

The importance of spray breakup associated phenomena for various applications is well recognized and has been extensively investigated experimentally and numerically by engineers, environmentalists, automotive industrialists, pharmaceutics, and agriculturists [21, 37–41]. A rigorous representation of spray breakup is very complicated procedure as it would involve accurate estimation of nozzle flow, initial formation of ligaments, instabilities, cavitation, and droplets associated physics and their subsequent breakup, heating, evaporation, the entrainment of air and the effects of turbulence [21, 40]. The efficiency of the combustion process and emission reduction in internal combustion engines depends on the atomization characteristics;

**TGE HM1 SME LNE HM2 CAN WCO RME CML JTR YGR**

Atomization of Bio-Fossil Fuel Blends http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.73180 65

C8:0 — — — — — — — — — — — C10:0 — — — — — — — — — — — C12:0 — — — — — — 0.2 — 0.4 0.1 0.2 C14:0 — — 0.3 0.2 — — 0.7 — 2.6 0.3 0.8 C15:0 — — — — — — — — — — 0.1 C16:0 3.6 6.6 10.9 6.2 6.5 4.5 15.7 4.9 5.8 14.3 16.0 C17:0 — 0.2 — — — 0.1 0.2 — — 0.1 0.1 C18:0 2.6 2.1 4.4 0.6 2.5 2.0 6.1 1.7 2.7 5.9 6.9 C20:0 — 0.5 0.4 — 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.6 1.3 0.2 0.3 C22:0 13.1 0.3 — — — 0.4 0.4 — 0.9 0.2 0.4 C24:0 — 0.2 — — — 0.2 0.3 — 0.7 2.5 0.2 C16:1 — 0.3 — — — 0.4 0.7 — — 1.0 0.9 C17:1 — — — — — — — — — — 0.1 C18:1 10.1 11.9 24.0 18.0 11.9 59.7 42.8 26.6 15.9 38.9 43.2 C20:1 0.8 0.3 — — 0.9 1.5 0.6 — 13.7 0.1 0.5 C22:1 — 0.2 — — — 0.4 0.2 22.3 2.9 0.1 0.1 C24:1 — 0.2 — — — — — 0.8 0.2 0.1 4.3 C18:2 13.8 56.6 52.8 16.0 54.7 20.8 29.4 24.8 16.0 34.8 24.3 C20:2 — — — — — — — — 1.4 — — C18:3 51.6 20.6 7.2 59.0 20.1 9.4 2.0 9.7 33.8 0.3 1.1 C20:3 — — — — — — — — 0.8 — — C18:4 — — — — — — — — — — 0.5 Others 4.4 — — — 2.5 — 0.3 8.6 0.9 1.1 —


**Table 3.** Biodiesel fuel compositions [24, 36].
