Preface

Chapter 8 **From Entrepreneurship to Social Activist: The Role of**

**Malang, East Java 127** Paulus Rudolf Yuniarto

Pınar Başar

**VI** Contents

**Indonesian Migrant Entrepreneurs in Taiwan and Socio-Economic Functions of Return-Migrant Entrepreneurship in**

Chapter 9 **Social Entrepreneurship: Case Study in Unilever Food Solutions' Trusted Hands Food Safety Online Training Program 145**

> Entrepreneurship—Trends and Challenges! This is the purpose for which this book has been written and is structured in two sections: trends and challenges.

> In the first section, the authors focus on the entrepreneurship trends, especially those related to teaching principles and tools that students must have when they decide to undertake, and the necessary changes to the schools' curricula. In addition, increasing functional conflicts between entrepreneurial and creative teams, developing operative knowledge of entrepre‐ neurship in schools, and researching questions at work are also an interesting approach as well as the conciliation of the factors of opportunity and the need to undertake in favor and counter cycle.

> In the second section, we focus on the entrepreneurship challenges, for example, the ubiqui‐ ty and the nonexistence, which can submerge entrepreneurship through technology itself and transversality in different disciplines, without a true evaluation of its foundations and theories, the role of women in entrepreneurship, and business dealing with the concepts of start-ups, hackathons, and advances in our behavior.

> The first section begins with a chapter about the development of entrepreneurship litera‐ ture, where Prof. Francesca Rivetti talks about a new area of entrepreneurship investigation called "arts and literature". The purpose of this study is to shed light on arts entrepreneur‐ ship literature, outlining the most significant issues emerged on the phenomenon and their trajectories for the future development. The second chapter is about the entrepreneur orien‐ tation and the firm's performance, where Prof. Orlando Lima Rua focuses on the firm's en‐ trepreneurial performance strategies and its values and successes in the face of opportunities and risks. Entrepreneurial orientation influences the firm's performance when firms strategically acquire, develop, and leverage resources for opportunity exploitation in order to gain a competitive advantage. Dr. Lawrence Lenkhanya, as the author of the third chapter, brings us an example of digitalization in rural entrepreneurship as an idea that will assist entrepreneurs operating in the rural locations to survive and grow beyond the future shock on agriculture. The unleashing of entrepreneurship requires an environment that ena‐ bles entrepreneurs to create, operate, manage, and, if necessary, close their businesses with‐ in a context, where compliance with the rule of law governing disclosure, licensing, and registration procedures and the protection of physical and intellectual properties is guaran‐ teed. The existing regulatory environment should encourage people to launch their own businesses, attempt new business ideas, and take calculated risks while keeping administra‐ tive burdens to the minimum required supporting sustainable public policy and develop‐ ment objectives. Traveling to Emirates, we encounter the fourth chapter, where Dr. Asma Salman gives us microfinance as a driver for entrepreneurship and its response to the devel‐

opment of the globality in the rural world. Her rich example of entrepreneurship makes this chapter one of the most beautiful trends of resilience and motivation for this attitude. Micro‐ finance institutions that give loans with a minimum interest rate should be set up in the ru‐ ral areas. Even though there are so many lacking facilities, still women's handicrafts can empower their socioeconomic status through earnings from their work. It was also conclud‐ ed that the customers of Kashf Foundation have a better socioeconomic status than those of non-Kashf Foundation.

**Section 1**

**Introductory Chapter**

In the second section, we start in Africa, more precisely in Zambia, where Prof. Moulen Siame makes a practical and theoretical approach to social venturing entrepreneurship and characterizes the venturing entrepreneur as a change agent in the context of economic, so‐ cial, and political conditions. He explains the commonly used concepts, ontologies, entrepre‐ neur's social venturing and cooperative business models, economic theories and conceptual frameworks, and practical application from an appreciative inquiry point of view. The sixth chapter, by Dr. Aloulou Wassim, tells us something about intentions to behaviors, about wandering in and between, and about challenges and avenues. Clearly, the focus is on edu‐ cation for entrepreneurship. This chapter invites the entrepreneurship scholars to wonder about challenges in the entrepreneurship research and education field and about potential research avenues. At the end, the chapter relaunches the debate by pointing out certain questionings for future research on entrepreneurial intentions and behaviors to produce a novel knowledge. The seventh chapter, by Dr. Rudolf Yuniarto, explores and examines the role and socioeconomic functions of the Indonesian entrepreneurs in Taiwan and return-mi‐ grant entrepreneurs from Taiwan in Malang, East Java, and the implications of their entre‐ preneurial activities on the community. So, he talks about the contribution of entrepreneurship to social causes at a regional level. This is very important to understand the role of entrepreneurship in the formation of social activism for the dignification and so‐ cial development of migrants. Last but not least, the eighth chapter consists of a case study by Prof. Pinar Basar about a successful program to educate and certify food professionals in food security through a social entrepreneurship example. In the first year, 5000 chefs intend‐ ed to complete their education with a certificate in this field in Turkey. Program started with the support of professional associations. The sustainability and private sector's involvement play an essential role in this case, which is an important issue such as health and hygiene.

Thus, we conclude that the entrepreneurial attitude remains an "open page," not only due to its constant evolution but also due to the promotion of development and collaboration among states and their citizens. However, it cannot predict the future but can help people to live prepared to face it.

> **Silvio Manuel Brito** Senior Teacher Professor of Seminar of Creativity and Innovation and Creativity Atelier Polytechnic Institute of Tomar Portugal

**Section 1**

**Introductory Chapter**

opment of the globality in the rural world. Her rich example of entrepreneurship makes this chapter one of the most beautiful trends of resilience and motivation for this attitude. Micro‐ finance institutions that give loans with a minimum interest rate should be set up in the ru‐ ral areas. Even though there are so many lacking facilities, still women's handicrafts can empower their socioeconomic status through earnings from their work. It was also conclud‐ ed that the customers of Kashf Foundation have a better socioeconomic status than those of

In the second section, we start in Africa, more precisely in Zambia, where Prof. Moulen Siame makes a practical and theoretical approach to social venturing entrepreneurship and characterizes the venturing entrepreneur as a change agent in the context of economic, so‐ cial, and political conditions. He explains the commonly used concepts, ontologies, entrepre‐ neur's social venturing and cooperative business models, economic theories and conceptual frameworks, and practical application from an appreciative inquiry point of view. The sixth chapter, by Dr. Aloulou Wassim, tells us something about intentions to behaviors, about wandering in and between, and about challenges and avenues. Clearly, the focus is on edu‐ cation for entrepreneurship. This chapter invites the entrepreneurship scholars to wonder about challenges in the entrepreneurship research and education field and about potential research avenues. At the end, the chapter relaunches the debate by pointing out certain questionings for future research on entrepreneurial intentions and behaviors to produce a novel knowledge. The seventh chapter, by Dr. Rudolf Yuniarto, explores and examines the role and socioeconomic functions of the Indonesian entrepreneurs in Taiwan and return-mi‐ grant entrepreneurs from Taiwan in Malang, East Java, and the implications of their entre‐ preneurial activities on the community. So, he talks about the contribution of entrepreneurship to social causes at a regional level. This is very important to understand the role of entrepreneurship in the formation of social activism for the dignification and so‐ cial development of migrants. Last but not least, the eighth chapter consists of a case study by Prof. Pinar Basar about a successful program to educate and certify food professionals in food security through a social entrepreneurship example. In the first year, 5000 chefs intend‐ ed to complete their education with a certificate in this field in Turkey. Program started with the support of professional associations. The sustainability and private sector's involvement play an essential role in this case, which is an important issue such as health and hygiene. Thus, we conclude that the entrepreneurial attitude remains an "open page," not only due to its constant evolution but also due to the promotion of development and collaboration among states and their citizens. However, it cannot predict the future but can help people to

> **Silvio Manuel Brito** Senior Teacher

> > Portugal

Polytechnic Institute of Tomar

Professor of Seminar of Creativity and Innovation and Creativity Atelier

non-Kashf Foundation.

VIII Preface

live prepared to face it.

**Chapter 1**

Provisional chapter

**Introductory Chapter: Entrepreneurship as a Trend and**

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.75097

Entrepreneurship is a powerful attitude that, in such a way, in the last years, has become a discipline increasingly transversal to different areas of knowledge, science, and organizations. We can see some examples like teaching students to acquire principles and tools to start a successful business, filling a gap in the business school curriculum by addressing start-ups and small business contexts, motivating and training to obtain an entrepreneurial behavior, developing communities, and contributing a role to the spread of entrepreneurship across societies [1]. Promotion of entrepreneurship has a vital role to play in improving the competitiveness of

In front of such reality, the entrepreneurship must have a necessity to be operationalized more and more. The necessity opportunity conjugation represents a reflection source for future research on the determinants and outcomes of entrepreneurship, helping the researchers to find a model who works in two cycles, pro-cycle and counter-cycle, to aim more success on

As a transversal discipline, the entrepreneurship grows in many advances even more interactive than ever, making a research approach to prosocial challenges search to empower people and increase the economy through new emerging trends such as economic learning, uncertainty, judgment, opportunities, social motivations, and incentives, to continue to offer starting points and insights for contemporary work [4] and provide the necessary impetus and intel-

The knowledge represents the most important role for entrepreneurship research. This is, indisputably, a collaborative approach between different sectors of economic activity that links innovation, learning, and entrepreneurship, helping people and organizations to be better on

> © 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and eproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

> © 2018 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Introductory Chapter: Entrepreneurship as a Trend and

**as a Challenge**

as a Challenge

1. Introduction

Sílvio Manuel da Rocha Brito Brito

Sílvio Manuel da Rocha Brito Brito

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.75097

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

small business and enhancing employment opportunities [2].

entrepreneurial work, namely, during crisis periods [3].

lectual basis for human initiatives [2].

this attitude practice [5].

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

#### **Introductory Chapter: Entrepreneurship as a Trend and as a Challenge** Introductory Chapter: Entrepreneurship as a Trend and as a Challenge

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.75097

Sílvio Manuel da Rocha Brito Brito Sílvio Manuel da Rocha Brito Brito

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.75097

1. Introduction

Entrepreneurship is a powerful attitude that, in such a way, in the last years, has become a discipline increasingly transversal to different areas of knowledge, science, and organizations. We can see some examples like teaching students to acquire principles and tools to start a successful business, filling a gap in the business school curriculum by addressing start-ups and small business contexts, motivating and training to obtain an entrepreneurial behavior, developing communities, and contributing a role to the spread of entrepreneurship across societies [1]. Promotion of entrepreneurship has a vital role to play in improving the competitiveness of small business and enhancing employment opportunities [2].

In front of such reality, the entrepreneurship must have a necessity to be operationalized more and more. The necessity opportunity conjugation represents a reflection source for future research on the determinants and outcomes of entrepreneurship, helping the researchers to find a model who works in two cycles, pro-cycle and counter-cycle, to aim more success on entrepreneurial work, namely, during crisis periods [3].

As a transversal discipline, the entrepreneurship grows in many advances even more interactive than ever, making a research approach to prosocial challenges search to empower people and increase the economy through new emerging trends such as economic learning, uncertainty, judgment, opportunities, social motivations, and incentives, to continue to offer starting points and insights for contemporary work [4] and provide the necessary impetus and intellectual basis for human initiatives [2].

The knowledge represents the most important role for entrepreneurship research. This is, indisputably, a collaborative approach between different sectors of economic activity that links innovation, learning, and entrepreneurship, helping people and organizations to be better on this attitude practice [5].

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and eproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2018 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Therefore, entrepreneurship can be a model for interdisciplinary studies and researches, increasing dynamism on schools, innovating pedagogical and experiential learning procedures, and approaching generations and communities for change [1].

economic growth, innovation, empowerment, and new or improved products and services, in such a way that open data competitions can benefit and motivate entrepreneurs to participate

Introductory Chapter: Entrepreneurship as a Trend and as a Challenge

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.75097

5

To get strategies for fostering the entrepreneurial mind-set in students, the use of serious games is a success case, inside and outside the schools. Virtual reality games help students acquire entrepreneurial skills as well as enable them to learn how to negotiate by acquiring decision-making skills. However, for this reality to materialize, it is necessary to obtain the

Beyond the future, the entrepreneurship will be sustainable if a mentality change occurs that concerns dominant approaches to entrepreneurial action [16], central to all business venturing [17] and very important for academic knowledge development [18] to overcome the following challenges [19]: learning vs. resources, induction vs. autonomy, and co-alignment vs.

Instituto Politécnico de Tomar, Cátedra de Emprendedores de La Universidad de Salamanca, Asociación AFIDE, PSIQUE-Ex, Grupo de Investigación en Psicologia de la Universidad de Extremadura, CITUR – Centro de Investigação em Turismo do Instituto Politécnico de Leiria

[1] Kuratko DF, Morris MH. Examining the future trajectory of entrepreneurship. Journal of

[2] Ramana V, Prasad B, Guda N. A study on emerging trends in business incubation & innovation. Small Enterprises Development, Management & Extension (Sedme) Journal.

[3] Fairlie R, Fossen F. Opportunity versus Necessity Entrepreneurship: Two Components of Business Creation. Institute of Labour Economics, Discussion Paper Series N. 112582018.

[4] McCaffrey M. Extending the economic foundations of entrepreneurship research. Euro-

[5] Ratten V, Marques CS, Braga V. Knowledge, learning and innovation: Research into crosssector collaboration. In: Ratten V, Braga V, Marques C, editors. Knowledge, Learning and Innovation. Contributions to Management Science. Cham: Springer; 2018. pp. 1-4. DOI:

Small Business Management. 2018;56:11-23. DOI: 10.1111/jsbm.12364

pean Management Review. 2017;14:1-9. DOI: 10.1111/emre.12158

didactic resources necessary to support different learning strategies [15].

in hackathons and start-ups [14].

co-creation.

Author details

References

2018;33(1)

pp. 1-49

10.1007/978-3-319-59282-4\_1

Sílvio Manuel da Rocha Brito Brito

Address all correspondence to: silvio.brito@ipt.pt

As a fact, to turn the operative entrepreneurship in academic entrepreneurship brings new opportunities to universities, and the entrepreneurship models turn more strategic with more entrepreneurial activities and bring more types of stakeholders, to redesign the entrepreneurial ecosystems, joining research and transfer activities [6].

Researches in entrepreneurship enhance opportunities and qualities of studies for a global action [7]; it expanses in an explosive global growth [20] that entrepreneurs involved in innovative entrepreneurship are more adaptable for growth expectations, with subjective values playing a direct and indirect role in entrepreneurs' expectations in an organization growth [8].

Still, according with this author, the entrepreneurial experience duration moderates the relationship between strategic orientation and confidence in innovation, and it is so stronger for inexperienced entrepreneurs and experienced entrepreneurs that tend to be more cautious about their growing expectations.

By the way, small nations grew at a faster rate than developed nations between 2002 and 2013; this is because the economic globalization and entrepreneurship contribute, day by day, to growth and development, and this impact shifts from efficiency-driven to innovation-driven development and mobility that, on the other hand, promotes the investment and the technological growth, increasing trade and multilateral alliances enhancing global competition [9].

Entrepreneurship has also been a motive for men and women bringing together in equal opportunities, positioning, and organizational justice, throughout the globe. Education through entrepreneurship also adds value to people, as well as people being encouraged to help each other, to seek how to develop the society, and acquire positive values, discouraging the corruption [10].

Especially women, through the example of friends, family, mentors, and by their own selfexperience, try to give an example of good entrepreneurship through the acquisition of entrepreneurial competencies. So, the policies that support the gender proximity to increase the entrepreneurship are an even more reality [11].

Also, the entrepreneurship is more and more technological. Many industries use big data bases, strongly supported on knowledge capital, for growth through innovation and where products and processes are often evaluated within knowledge-based frameworks [12].

For example, in medicine, the digital health has been improving the doctor-patient relation that makes a reduction both in operating costs and in extraordinary costs, and this is harnessed by digital entrepreneurship that has taken the opportunities to create new good medicine practices in the development of the relation such as the "Digital Health Innovation Roadmap," a digital encompassing model for all medical areas [13].

About this, technology is useful for entrepreneurship; the free open data is a good weapon to obtain information, increase the entrepreneurship experiences, and cause elevated impact on economic growth, innovation, empowerment, and new or improved products and services, in such a way that open data competitions can benefit and motivate entrepreneurs to participate in hackathons and start-ups [14].

To get strategies for fostering the entrepreneurial mind-set in students, the use of serious games is a success case, inside and outside the schools. Virtual reality games help students acquire entrepreneurial skills as well as enable them to learn how to negotiate by acquiring decision-making skills. However, for this reality to materialize, it is necessary to obtain the didactic resources necessary to support different learning strategies [15].

Beyond the future, the entrepreneurship will be sustainable if a mentality change occurs that concerns dominant approaches to entrepreneurial action [16], central to all business venturing [17] and very important for academic knowledge development [18] to overcome the following challenges [19]: learning vs. resources, induction vs. autonomy, and co-alignment vs. co-creation.
