**2. Key concepts in social venturing entrepreneurship**

In an essay, as a member of the Advisory Board of Stichting Het Groene Woudt (SHGW), Van Dijk approves of Meindert Witvliet, practicing social venturing entrepreneurs, for the entrepreneurial drive, quest for doing better things and deep insight in various sections of society (Netherlands and developing countries in Asia and Africa) and the manner in which Meindert Witvliet and Emmy Jansen structured, governed and managed SHGW's ventures. Through his work, social venturing concepts and strategies kept on unfolding [8].

The literature on SVE can be traced back to entrepreneurship as described by the classical authors like Von Mises, Kirzner, Schumpeter and Knight (van Dijk, op.cit). In particular, four concepts (purposeful action, sympathy, alertness, and judgment) turn out to be essential for entrepreneurship that applies also to social venturing entrepreneurs. The concept of *purposeful acting* is essential to understanding entrepreneurship. For classical economists, entrepreneurs act purposefully [9]. They have an end in view or, in other words, they have teleology. The term "teleology" was coined by the philosopher Christian Wolff in his Latin treatise of 1728 and he defined it as indicating the part of natural philosophy that explains the ends, or purposes, of things [10]. There are many ways of achieving those ends. Schumpeter coined the terms *new combinations and creative destruction*. The entrepreneurial act is to combine resources that the entrepreneur does not, or not yet own. Although authors like Kirzner pay much attention to the rewards of entrepreneurs, classical economists take the view that entrepreneurs do not in the first place act in order to just make money. Being an entrepreneur is to create value for society and in this way share meaning with society. Their entrepreneurial activities are geared to adding value in sectors and business activities for which they have developed a passion and they develop enterprise for customers for whom they *feel sympathy* (Smith). The key competency of entrepreneurs, for Kirzner [11], is the mastering of *alertness* for business opportunities and for Knight, the ability to *make judgment* under risk and uncertainty conditions [1].
