Preface

Chapter 7 **Genotoxic Biomarkers in Fishes of the Chapada Das Mesas**

Carvalho Neta and Debora Batista Pinheiro Sousa

Chapter 8 **A Centennial Path Towards Sustainability in Spanish National Parks: Biodiversity Conservation and Socioeconomic**

David Rodríguez-Rodríguez and Javier Martínez-Vega

Chapter 9 **Biomass and Carbon Stocks Estimation of Lowland Dipterocarp,**

Chapter 10 **The Roles of Interpretation in the Management of National**

Chapter 12 **Policy and Related Issues Pertaining Community Participation**

Chapter 11 **Light Intensity and Soil Compaction as Influenced by**

**Riparian and Hill Dipterocarp Forests in Pahang National Park,**

Nor Farika Zani, Mohd Nazip Suratman, Adzmi Yaacob and Nazlin

**Ecotourism Activities in Pahang National Park, Malaysia 157** Mohamad Danial Md Sabri, Mohd Nazip Suratman, Abd Rahman Kassim, Nur Hajar Zamah Shari, Shamsul Khamis and Mohd Salleh

**in the Management of Protected Area (PA): A Case of Pahang**

Layla Karolyne Dourado Stragliotto, Fernanda Silva da Paz, Dannielle Silva da Paz, Ligia Tchaicka, Raimunda Nonata Fortes

**National Park, Brazil 85**

**Development (1918-2018) 99**

**Section 3 Biodiversity Conservation 97**

**Malaysia 123**

**Section 4 Ecotourism and Recreation 141**

**Parks in South Africa 143** Kevin Mearns and Elricke Botha

**Section 5 Local Community Participation 173**

**National Park, Malaysia 175** Ahmad Naqiyuddin Bakar

Asari

**VI** Contents

Daim

National parks are natural areas set aside to protect ecological processes, along with the comple‐ ment of species and ecosystem characteristics of the area. Apart from protecting natural biodiver‐ sity along with their underlying ecological structure and supporting processes, they provide a breathing space and opportunities for learning and spiritual and recreational opportunities. How‐ ever, all of which must be environmentally and culturally compatible to ensure that the ecological integrity of the ecosystems is protected for the present and future generations. There have been public debates over management objectives of national parks, which often center on the compati‐ bility and on how to strike a balance between conservation of habitats and species biodiversity vs. exploiting them for economic benefits. While the parks are protected, in which ecological func‐ tions and native species composition should be intact, they have roles to support economic devel‐ opment through ecotourism that contributes to local and national economies.

The limit of acceptable change is one of the common frameworks that can be used to measure recreational carrying capacity in the national parks, i.e., how much use should or can natural areas be allowed to tolerate? The framework provides a strategy for making decision with regard to what extent the social and environmental conditions are acceptable.

In order to get maximum benefits from national parks, an integrated approach of sustainable management strategic plan should be developed. In developing the plan, inputs and knowledge from the stakeholders and local communities should be valued so that they have equal rights and responsibility in the decision-making. The needs of local communities and indigenous people should also be taken into account as long as these will not adversely affect the primary manage‐ ment objective of national parks.

This book describes the management and conservation strategies of national parks and protected areas in different parts of Europe and Asia and the constraints, opportunities, and challenges to the full realization of the management objectives of the parks. It is divided into five major sec‐ tions, which include protected area management, fish and wildlife conservation, biodiversity con‐ servation, ecotourism and recreation, and local community participation. The book shows that national parks are useful not only in conserving endangered species and biodiversity but also in providing recreation opportunities, watershed protection, wilderness, and other resources neces‐ sary to the socioeconomic development of the local communities. In addition, the sections of the book present information and ideas on useful planning, management, and conservation that link the interests of scientists with practitioners and stakeholders. It is hoped that this book will not only bring greater understanding and appreciation of our natural environments but will also serve as a reminder of our responsibility to ensure their survival and biodiversity and maintain sustainable livelihoods.

> **Mohd Nazip Suratman** Faculty of Applied Sciences Universiti Teknologi MARA Shah Alam, Malaysia

**Section 1**

**Protected Area Management**

**Protected Area Management**

**Chapter 1**

**Provisional chapter**

**Introductory Chapter: Conserving Biodiversity in**

**Introductory Chapter: Conserving Biodiversity in** 

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.73566

Until recently, values and benefits from protected areas have often been taken for granted and underestimated. This book entitled *National Park: Management and Conservation* demonstrates that there are deep necessities in how the wider scientific, environmental, socioeconomic, and cultural values that these natural ecosystems provide should increasingly be recognized. The book highlights various approaches for managing and conserving protected areas to respond to some pressing global challenges today such as climate change, demand for food and energy, over exploitation, and habitat change. For this purpose, the book is published to address these issues and divided into five main sections: (1) protected area management, (2) fish and wildlife conservation, (3) biodiversity conservation, (4) ecotourism and recreation,

The first section concentrates on challenges, constraints, and the way forward in managing protected areas with special references to Croatia, Austria, and the Czech Republic which include some pertinent issues related to transboundary cooperation. It outlines how mutual cooperation between countries can be achieved to share common responsibility in protected area management. An establishment and implementation of protected area management plan and determination of wildlife population in protected areas are highlighted in the second section of the book based on the case studies conducted in Japan and Ethiopia, respectively. Meanwhile, in Brazil, biomarkers were used to assess the exposure to environmental stress in fish population. The third section of the book outlines a progress and historical perspective over hundred years of national parks' existence in Spain since 1918. The establishment of protected areas has promoted toward more sustainable use of forest resources through biodiversity conservation and socioeconomic development. The second chapter of this section highlights the important roles of forest biomass estimated from three forest types in Malaysia

> © 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**Protected Areas**

**Protected Areas**

Mohd Nazip Suratman

**1. Introduction**

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Mohd Nazip SuratmanAdditional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.73566

and (5) local community participation.

#### **Introductory Chapter: Conserving Biodiversity in Protected Areas Introductory Chapter: Conserving Biodiversity in Protected Areas**

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.73566

Mohd Nazip Suratman

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter Mohd Nazip SuratmanAdditional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.73566
