**2. Protected areas**

Protected area refers to as geographical space, recognized, dedicated, and managed through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values [1]. The definition of protected area is expanded into six categories. The first category is further divided into two subcategories, i.e., strict nature reserve and wilderness area. Strict nature reserve is designated for the conservation of biodiversity and geological and geomorphological features. In this reserve, visitation, use, and impacts of humans are controlled and limited to ensure that the conservation values are protected. Meanwhile, the wilderness area normally deals with large unmodified or slightly modified areas that retain their natural character and influence. To ensure that natural conditions are protected and preserved, the areas are without permanent or significant human habitation.

The second category refers to national park which consists of large and natural areas that protect large-scale ecological processes with characteristic species and ecosystem. National park also provides scientific, spiritual, educational, recreational, and visitor opportunities. The third category is identified as natural monument or feature. These areas are set aside for the protection of specific natural monuments. These include landform, sea mount, marine cavern, and ancient grove: some geological feature such as cave and living feature such as an ancient grove.

The fourth category is habitat or species management areas in which the management is prioritized to protect particular species or habitat. Active and regular interventions are required to meet the needs of particular species and habitats. In the fifth category, i.e., protected landscape and seascape, interaction of people and nature over time may produce distinct character of protected area which includes significant ecological, biological, cultural, and scenic value. Safeguarding integrity of this interaction is crucial to ensure the protection and sustainability of the area. The final category refers to as protected areas with sustainable use of natural resources. This involves an integration of ecosystem conservation, cultural values, and natural resource management which involve large and natural area condition. One of the aims for this category is for the use of natural resources that is compatible with nature conservation.
