Contents

**Preface XI**


Yukihiko Hashimoto and Tomohito Anrui

#### Chapter 7 **Genotoxic Biomarkers in Fishes of the Chapada Das Mesas National Park, Brazil 85**

Layla Karolyne Dourado Stragliotto, Fernanda Silva da Paz, Dannielle Silva da Paz, Ligia Tchaicka, Raimunda Nonata Fortes Carvalho Neta and Debora Batista Pinheiro Sousa

Preface

National parks are natural areas set aside to protect ecological processes, along with the comple‐ ment of species and ecosystem characteristics of the area. Apart from protecting natural biodiver‐ sity along with their underlying ecological structure and supporting processes, they provide a breathing space and opportunities for learning and spiritual and recreational opportunities. How‐ ever, all of which must be environmentally and culturally compatible to ensure that the ecological integrity of the ecosystems is protected for the present and future generations. There have been public debates over management objectives of national parks, which often center on the compati‐ bility and on how to strike a balance between conservation of habitats and species biodiversity vs. exploiting them for economic benefits. While the parks are protected, in which ecological func‐ tions and native species composition should be intact, they have roles to support economic devel‐

The limit of acceptable change is one of the common frameworks that can be used to measure recreational carrying capacity in the national parks, i.e., how much use should or can natural areas be allowed to tolerate? The framework provides a strategy for making decision with regard

In order to get maximum benefits from national parks, an integrated approach of sustainable management strategic plan should be developed. In developing the plan, inputs and knowledge from the stakeholders and local communities should be valued so that they have equal rights and responsibility in the decision-making. The needs of local communities and indigenous people should also be taken into account as long as these will not adversely affect the primary manage‐

This book describes the management and conservation strategies of national parks and protected areas in different parts of Europe and Asia and the constraints, opportunities, and challenges to the full realization of the management objectives of the parks. It is divided into five major sec‐ tions, which include protected area management, fish and wildlife conservation, biodiversity con‐ servation, ecotourism and recreation, and local community participation. The book shows that national parks are useful not only in conserving endangered species and biodiversity but also in providing recreation opportunities, watershed protection, wilderness, and other resources neces‐ sary to the socioeconomic development of the local communities. In addition, the sections of the book present information and ideas on useful planning, management, and conservation that link the interests of scientists with practitioners and stakeholders. It is hoped that this book will not only bring greater understanding and appreciation of our natural environments but will also serve as a reminder of our responsibility to ensure their survival and biodiversity and maintain

> **Mohd Nazip Suratman** Faculty of Applied Sciences Universiti Teknologi MARA Shah Alam, Malaysia

opment through ecotourism that contributes to local and national economies.

to what extent the social and environmental conditions are acceptable.

ment objective of national parks.

sustainable livelihoods.

#### **Section 3 Biodiversity Conservation 97**

Chapter 8 **A Centennial Path Towards Sustainability in Spanish National Parks: Biodiversity Conservation and Socioeconomic Development (1918-2018) 99**

David Rodríguez-Rodríguez and Javier Martínez-Vega

Chapter 9 **Biomass and Carbon Stocks Estimation of Lowland Dipterocarp, Riparian and Hill Dipterocarp Forests in Pahang National Park, Malaysia 123** Nor Farika Zani, Mohd Nazip Suratman, Adzmi Yaacob and Nazlin Asari

