**3. Essential oil composition**

Essential oils were obtained by steam distillation. High-resolution gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry was used for component identification. Relative amounts of essential oil constituents were calculated from the peak areas of chromatograms obtained with gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. Linear retention indices were determined on polar (Carbowax) and non-polar (DB-5) capillary chromatographic columns. Tentative compound identification was based on the comparison of retention indices with published values, and the comparison of mass spectra with those of databases [21–24]. **Table 2** presents the main constituents found in the gas chromatographic analysis of essential oils isolated from plant material collected in botanical expeditions carried out by CENIVAM.



*racemosum*

columns avoids this problem. In addition, GCxGC allows "classifying" the substances by families, such as can be observed in **Figure 4**, which shows two groups of substances, mono-

Essential oils were obtained by steam distillation. High-resolution gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry was used for component identification. Relative amounts of essential oil constituents were calculated from the peak areas of chromatograms obtained with gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. Linear retention indices were determined on polar (Carbowax) and non-polar (DB-5) capillary chromatographic columns. Tentative compound identification was based on the comparison of retention indices with published values, and the comparison of mass spectra with those of databases [21–24]. **Table 2** presents the main constituents found in the gas chromatographic analysis of essential oils isolated

α-Ylangene (10%), *trans*-β-caryophyllene (27%), bicyclogermacrene (8%), α-humulene (3%),

α-Pinene (7%), *trans*-β-caryophyllene (25%), γ-muurolene (9%), γ-cadinene (8%), caryophyllene

*Aristolochia ringens* β-Bourbonene (4%), β-elemene (10%), *trans-*β-caryophyllene (15%), *trans*-muurola-4(14),5-diene

*Achyrocline alata* α-Pinene (3%), *p*-cymene (3%), thymol (24%), *trans-*β-caryophyllene (14%), thymyl acetate (2%).

*Ambrosia arborescens* Chrysanthenone (14%), β-cubebene (4%), 2-ethyldien-6-methyl-heptadienal (4%), γ-curcumene

*Ambrosia peruviana* γ-Curcumene (14%), *ar*-curcumene (25%), β-bisabolene (18%), spathulenol (5%), phytol (5%).

α-Pinene (2%), *trans*-β-caryophyllene (10%), germacrene D (17%), spathulenol

*Baccharis decussata trans*-β-Caryophyllene (17%), germacrene D (9%), *trans*-nerolidol (10%), premnaspirodiene (6%),

terpenes and sesquiterpenes, in the scent emitted by *Cannabis* female flowers.

from plant material collected in botanical expeditions carried out by CENIVAM.

(17%), curzerene (23%), bicyclogermacrene (9%).

Thymol (26%), carvacrol (37%), δ-cadinene (1%).

(19%), *ar-*curcumene (8%), germacrene D (9%).

*Baccharis cf. nitida* α-Eudesmol (17%), squalene (1%), spathulenol (1%), caryophyllene oxide (1%).

*Baccharis latifolia* α-Pinene (3%), limonene (8%), kessane (4%), viridiflorol (4%), *cis*-cadin-4-en-7-ol (5%),

*Baccharis trinervis trans-*β-Caryophyllene (20%), *trans-*β-guaieno (19%), viridiflorol (12%), germacrene D (14%),

(5%),caryophyllene oxide (4%).

γ-amorphene (6%).

β-eudesmol (9%).

α-humulene (3%).

**3. Essential oil composition**

76 Potential of Essential Oils

**Species Composition**

β-farnesene (5%).

oxide (13%).

**Aristolochiaceae family**

*Aristolochia anguicida.*

*Achyrocline satureioides*

*Ageratina* aff. *Popayanensis*

*Austroeupatorium inulifolium*

**Asteraceae family**


**Species Composition**

*Ocimum campechianum*

*Plectranthus amboinicus*

*Salvia aratocensis subsp. suratensis*

**Myrtaceae family**

**Piperaceae family**

**Scrophulariaceae family**

**Turneraceae family**

*Calycolpus moritzianus*

*Ocimum americanum* Linalool (23%), estragole (63%), *cis-*α-bisabolene (4%).

(6%), palustrol (7%), curzerenone (10%).

germacrene D (3%).

(5%).

3-one (10%).

cadinol (22%).

caryophyllene (7%).

sesquisabinene hydrate (14%)

germacrene D (4%).

caryophyllene (8%).

bicyclogermacrene (4%).

(4%), *trans-*β-elemene (3%).

(3%).

*Piper auritum* Safrol (9%), myristicin (5%).

(15%).

Methyleugenol (54%), 1,8-cineole (3%), *trans*-β-caryophyllene (13%), α-humulene (3%),

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Carvacrol (13%), *trans*-β-caryophyllene (1%) α-amirine (38%), viminalol (21%), estigmast-4-en-

*trans*-β-Caryophyllene (5%), *cis*-β-farnesene (2%), γ-cadinene (10%), 1-*epi*-cubenol (16%), *epi-*α-

1,8-Cineole (20%), α-terpineol (6%), *trans*-β-caryophyllene (8%), guaiol (5%), γ-eudesmol (7%).

*Ocimum tenuiflorum* Eugenol (22%), β-elemene (23%), *trans*-β-caryophyllene (23%), α-humulene (3%), germacrene D

*Perilla frutescens* Perilla ketone (48%), 1-octen-3-ol (32%), linalool (6%), 3-octanone (5%), 3-octanol (3%).

*Salvia aratocensis trans*-β-Caryophyllene (5%), γ-cadinene (7%), 1,10-di-*epi*-cubenol (12%), *epi*-α-cadinol (16%).

*Salvia rubriflora trans*-β-Caryophyllene (13%), α-farnesene (9%), spathulenol (8%), caryophyllene oxide (5%). *Salvia sagitatta cis-*Pinocamphone (6%), linalool acetate (5%), α-terpinyl acetate (24%), *trans*-β-caryophyllene

*Psidium sartorianum* 1,8-Cineole (16%), terpinen-4-ol (11%), α-terpineol (13%), *trans*-β-caryophyllene (20%), β-pinene

*Piper bogotense* α-Pinene (9%), α-phellandrene (14%), *p-*cymene (4%), limonene (5%), linalool (5%), *trans*-

*Piper bremedeyeri* α-Pinene (20%), β-pinene (32%), limonene (4%), β-elemene (4%), *trans*-β-caryophyllene (6%),

*Piper carpunya p-*Cymene (11%), 1,8-cineole (11%), safrol (12%), methyleugenol (5%), cumunyl acetate (5%) *Piper cf. divaricatum* α-Pinene (11%), β-pinene (5%), α-phellandrene (6%), 1,8-cineole (18%), linalool (15%), *trans*-β-

*Piper cf. subflavum* Apiol (27%), dillapiol (1%), *trans-*β-caryophyllene (1%), δ-cadinene (1%), *cis*-calamenene (1%).

*Piper medium* β-Phellandrene (22%), germacrene D (12%), *trans-*β-caryophyllene (6%), bicyclogermacrene

*Achetaria bicolor trans-*Pinocarveol (8%), pinocarvone (6%), α-humulene (18%), humulene II epoxide (5%).

*Turnera diffusa* Drima-7,9(11)-diene (23%), valencene (6%), β-selinene (6%), viridiflorene (7%), dihydrokaranone

*Piper marginatum* α-Phellandrene (11%), limonene (8%), β-elemene (4%), *trans-*β-caryophyllene (11%),

*Satureja aff. Andrei* Limonene (2%), *p-*mentha-3,8-diene (4%), *cis-*pulegol (6%), pulegone (23%), *trans*-β-


**Species Composition**

bicyclogermacrene (3%).

caryophyllene oxide (3%).

α-muurolene (3%).

caryophyllene oxide (4%).

bicyclogermacrene (3%).

β-bourbonene (2%).

caryophyllene oxide (5%).

*Hyptis dilatata trans*-β-Caryophyllene (26%), Δ<sup>3</sup>

(3%).

oxide (17%).

*Lepechinia salviifolia*. α-Pinene (3%), β-pinene (10%), Δ<sup>3</sup>

ledol (4%).

palustrol (7%).

humulene II epoxide (5%).

caryophyllene (5%), germacrene D (6%).

germacrene D (10%).

(1%), α-humulene (2%).

*Croton ferrugineus trans*-β-Caryophyllene (37%), dilapiol (23%), germacrene D (13%), *cis*-chrysantenyl acetate (7%),

α-Terpinene (21%), *p-*cymene (15%), ascaridole (47%), *iso*-ascaridole (12%).

*Dalea cliffortiana* Methyleugenol (69%), *trans*-β-caryophyllene (15%), α-humulene (1%), germacrene D (5%),

*Eriope crassipes* 6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one (5%), α-cubebene (3%), α-copaene (3%), methyl citronellate (3%),

*Hyptis brachiata* α-Copaene (5%), *trans*-β-caryophyllene (11%), germacrene D (16%), 7-*epi*-α-selinene (5%),

*Hyptis colombiana* Germacrene D (22%), *trans*-β-caryophyllene (34%), caryophyllene oxide (14%), α-copaene (5%),

*Hyptis pectinata* β-Bourbonene (8%), *trans-*β-caryophyllene (15%), germacrene D (18%), bicyclogermacrene (7%),

*Hyptis suaveolens* Sabinene (2%), α-phellandrene (2%), fenchone (7%), *trans*-β-caryophyllene (13%), germacrene D

*Lepechinia bullata* β-Pinene (13%), α-copaene (4%), *trans-*β-caryophyllene (21%), α-humulene (7%), caryophyllene

*Lepechinia vulcanolica* α-Pinene (8%), 3-octenol (9%), limonene (19%), *trans-*β-caryophyllene (9%), germacrene D (10%),

*Mentha suaveolens cis-*β-Ocimene (4%), 1-octen-3-yl acetate (4%), piperitenone oxide (52%), nepetalactone (6%),

*Minthostachys mollis* Menthone (7%), pulegone (6%), *cis-*piperitone epoxide (30%), piperitenone oxide (26%), *trans-*β-

α-Pinene (8%), β-pinene (7%), limonene (10%), 1,8-cineole (8%), *trans-*β-caryophyllene (7%),

α-Copaene (5%), *trans-*β-caryophyllene (4%), spathulenol (6%), caryophyllene oxide (15%),

Piperitone epoxide (59%), piperitone oxide (13%), *trans*-β-caryophyllene (9%), germacrene D



*Hyptis brachiata* Caryophyllene oxide (2%), *trans-*nerolidol (2%), α-humulene (2%), carvacrol (5%).

*Hyptis mutabilis* β-Elemene (6%), *trans*-β-caryophyllene (6%), germacrene D (12%), curzerene (30%),

γ-curcumene (7%), α-zingiberene (8%), ledol (8%).

*Lepechinia conferta* α-Pinene (5%), β-pinene (10%), *p-*cymene (17%), palustrol (8%), α-cedrene (4%).

**Euphorbiaceae family**

78 Potential of Essential Oils

**Chenopodiaceae family**

**Fabaceae family**

*Chenopodium ambrosioides*

*Lepechinia betonicifolia*

*Marsypianthes chamaedrys*

*Minthostachys septentrionalis*

**Lamiaceae family**


*fumigatus* [40]. *Lippia origanoides* and *L*. *alba* have several chemotypes, and these have been the subject of detailed study to check that their cytotoxicity does not prevent their use in some topical pharmaceutical applications [41, 42]. The group of Environmental and Computational Chemistry has used the *Artemia franciscana* assay to test for acute toxicity [43]. More than 30% of all samples analyzed in these trials did not have any degree of toxicity. In the same group, anti-quorum sensing activities, teratogenic and antigenotoxic effects, and the insect repellent

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Insect repellency is an interesting biological activity that leads to rather soon implementation of essential oils as active ingredients of commercial products. Olivero et al. have examined the potential application of essential oils to repel insects of importance to food storage [46–49]. Another application of insect repellence is the prevention of diseases for which *Aedes aegypti* is the vector [50–52]. More than 50% of the tested essential oils and pure terpenes proved to be

The assays of the anti-genotoxic and chemopreventive activity carried out at the CIBIMOL-UIS group demonstrated a DNA protective effect of the essential oils of several chemotypes

Several bacterial strains have been employed in assays of essential oil antibacterial activity [57, 58]. Due to their carvacrol and thymol content, *L*. *origanoides* oils have shown important antibacterial activity [59]. Antimycobacterial activity, which is of interest in tuberculosis research, has received special attention by CENIVAM researchers [60, 61]. It has been deter-

This work was supported by the "Patrimonio Autonomo Fondo Nacional de Financiamiento para la Ciencia, la Tecnologia y la Innovacion, Francisco Jose de Caldas," Grants RC-0572– 2012, RC-245-2011, RC-432-2004. The "Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible" of Colombia supported the present project through access permits to genetic resources and

derivatives for scientific research (Agreement No101, Resolution No 0812).

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest with this chapter contents.

Research Center of Excellence CENIVAM, Universidad Industrial de Santander,

activity of essential oils were studied [44, 45].

good insect repellents (56 and 80%, respectively).

mined in oils from the state of Santander [62].

**Acknowledgements**

**Conflict of interest**

**Author details**

Bucaramanga, Colombia

Elena Stashenko\* and Jairo René Martínez

\*Address all correspondence to: elena@tucan.uis.edu.co

of *Lippia alba* and *Lippia origanoides* (Fam. Verbenaceae) [53–56].

**Table 2.** Main constituents of essential oils of species collected in botanical outings.
