**6. Biological activities and usages of the coriander**

In the food industry, coriander is approved in food-use by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA in the USA), the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association and the Council of Europe. The plant can be mainly used as a spice, medicine, and raw material in food, beverage and pharmaceutical industries [16, 17]. Microwave-drying characteristics of coriander leaves were examined in designing and modeling heat and mass transfer processes during storage and other possible operations, necessary in food and chemical industry [42]. Moreover, the encapsulation (400 nm–7 μm) of the essential oil of coriander with chitosan obtained from the waste shells of crayfish (*Astacus leptodactylus*) has been arranged via the spray drying method led to the much higher antimicrobial activity and antioxidant activity than the oil and the pure chitosan. The created product could be beneficial in the food and pharmaceutical industries as a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agent [43]. One of the reasons for being famous as a spice in the food industry is to use as a common flavoring substance for the pleasant aromatic odor of their stems, leaves, and fruits. That is why it is used in seasonings for sausages, and other meat products besides in baked goods, beverages, sweets, chewing gums, tobacco products, condiments, preservative, and also functions as an essential ingredient in curry powder. On the other hand, it should not be forgotten that coriander and its oil are used especially in perfumery and cosmetics. The warm and sweet notes of coriander oil mixed with other floral notes for oriental type perfumes have a different effect. It is used not only in perfumes but also in soaps, creams, lotions and in aromatherapy as much as covering the taste of some medicines [19]. The leaves are used for flavoring curries, sauces, and soups, while the whole young plants are used for preparing chutneys. All parts of *Coriandrum sativum* are edible and used as a spice in daily life [44]; however, its fresh leaves and dried fruits are the most frequently used parts. Green foliage, known to be rich in proteins, vitamins, and minerals (such as calcium, phosphorus, and iron), fibers and carbohydrates, are reportedly used as vegetables in salads. While the coriander fruits are very popular as health-supporting as the healing spices, the essential oil of coriander can be marketed as a food supplement at a maximum dosage of 600 mg per day. On the other hand, the fruits are a rich source of lipids (fatty acids) (28.4%), which may be of great importance in the food industry. Petroselinic acid (18:1), linoleic acid (18:2), oleic acid (18:1), and palmitic acid (16:0) are valuable fatty acids of coriander fruits [16, 17]. Petroselinic acid is an important fatty acid to show substantial biological effects. It significantly increased the production of anti-inflammatory precursor and decreased pro-inflammatory precursor [13], and it has the capability to the reduction of arachidonic acid in the heart and liver of rats. When petroselinic acid was orally administered, the overproduction of arachidonic acid has been restricted [45]. Moreover, it has antimicrobial properties and can be a competitive inhibitor of topoisomerases; therefore, it is a potential agent in the treatment of cancer [46]. Topoisomerases modify the structure of DNA and play a role in the progression of several proliferative diseases [45]. In addition, the major components of the essential oil of coriander, linalool has antioxidant, anticancer, neuroprotective, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, relieving migraine, analgesic, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, blood pressure lowering effects [47]. A syrup prepared by the ethanolic extract of the coriander fruits exhibited short-term considerable effects on migraine reducing duration and frequency of the migraine attacks and diminishing pain degree, in a month [48].

of 28.3 min [55]. In another study, the hot water extract of the coriander fruits has been evaluated for their antioxidant characters [56]. The aerial parts of the hydroalcoholic extract of *C. sativum* showed important antioxidant activity besides anticonvulsant effects [57]. The antioxidant activity of the essential oil of coriander conducted by different types of antioxidant tests have been investigated, and the total phenolic content of the sample is found the 52.3 mg GAE/L [17, 58]. The potency of the antioxidant activity of coriander is indeed attributed to its carotenoid content. Carotenoid extract of the coriander showed high antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 14.29 ± 1.68 μg/mL, scavenging hydroxyl radicals and providing higher protection to DNA than by standard gallic acid (IC50 = 357.21 ± 4.29) [37]. It was seen that there was a synergistic action between the carotenoids compared to the crude extract [38]. Obviously, the aqueous or alcoholic extracts of the coriander have significant antioxidant capacity depending on the polyphenolic content. Carotenoids in coriander show higher antioxidant capacity in the extracts.

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The antimicrobial activity of the coriander has been arisen from the essential oil content. The essential oil of coriander has been exhibited potent antimicrobial activity against oral pathogens, and a dental gel formulation [59]. Moreover, the aqueous extract of coriander was found to have potency against acne-inducing bacteria (MIC values are 1.7 mg/mL for *Propionibacterium acne* and 2.1 mg/mL for *Staphylococcus epidermidis*). The formulations commercially developed for the treatment of acne, showed the same activity [60]. The development of advanced anti-acne formulations, the coriander oil is the good options due to the antibacterial activity [61]. Coriander is also found as an important herbal remedy for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antimicrobial properties of diaper dermatitis which is a common dermal disorder [62]. Moreover, coriander oil exhibited powerful activity against *Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi,* and *Acinetobacter baumannii* with different degrees of inhibition. *Bacillus cereus* was the most sensitive strain along with one of the multidrug-resistant clinical strains of *Acinetobacter baumannii* (MIC 50.1%, v/v), while *P. aeruginosa* was the most resistant to growth inhibition by the tested oil, showing the highest determined MIC (1.6%, v/v), with the exception of *B. cereus* and *E. faecalis*. On account of this, the use of coriander oil can be encouraged in antibacterial formulations owing to the fact that coriander oil effectively kills pathogenic bacteria related to foodborne diseases and hospital infections [63]. In many studies, coriander essential oil was investigated for the antibacterial and antifungal activity and has been found a good potency of the antimicrobial activity [17, 58, 64]. The antifungal activity of the essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation from *Coriandrum sativum* has been examined against different *Candida* species and exhibited antifungal activity against all tested species of *Candida*, except for *C. tropicalis* CBS 94. Hence, it was concluded that the oil could be used as potential antimicrobial agents to treat or prevent *Candida* yeast infections [65]. In another study, the essential oil of *C. sativum* leaves growing in Kenya showed antimicrobial activity against clinical isolates of Gram (+) (*S. aureus, Bacillus* spp.) and Gram (−) (*E. coli, Salmonella typhi, K. pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, P. aeruginosa*) bacteria but not a pathogenic fungus, *C. albicans* [66]. It was observed that the fruit oil of coriander displayed very good activity against *S. aureus*, *S. haemolyticus*, *P. aeruginosa*, *E. coli*, and *Listeria monocytogenes* [12].

**6.2. Antimicrobial effects**

In short, coriander fruits and its oil have been used for many diseases [13] such as for the treatment of rheumatism, gastrointestinal upsets, insomnia, flatulence, and joint pain in humans [49]. Moreover, coriander has a positive influence on lipid profile in plasma of rats [50]. The hydroalcoholic extract of the coriander fruits has exhibited anti-inflammatory, and anti-granuloma properties are reducing TNF-R1 expression on peritoneal macrophages in an experimental model [51]. The fruits of the plant are famous for carminative, diuretic effects and used in the treatment of cold, fever, nausea, and stomach disorders [16]. The fruit extract has been found as a strong analgesic agent than dexamethasone [52]. Laribi et al. discussed with all aspects regarding the pharmacological effects of coriander in a review [9]. In this manner, the most frequent effects of coriander will be debated in an order.

#### **6.1. Antioxidant effects**

The antioxidant potencies of polyphenolic compounds from *Coriandrum sativum* against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage in human lymphocytes have been investigated in some articles. It was seen that the treatment with polyphenolic fractions (50 μg/mL) was increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione-S-transferase) and glutathione content. On the other hand, it reduced the levels of TBARS significantly [53]. The aqueous coriander extracts (2.734 mg) of total phenolics (catechin equivalents) per 100 g of a dry sample exhibits considerable antioxidant activity according to the *β*-carotene/linoleic acid model. The caffeic acid (4.34 and 2.64 mg/mL), protocatechuic acid and glycitin (6.43 and 3.27 mg/mL) were found in high concentration in the aqueous extract [54]. Moreover, it seems that subcritical water extraction showed significant improvement comparing the yields of phenolics and flavonoids obtained with this technique against conventional solid-liquid extraction and modern extraction techniques, such as ultrasound-assisted and microwave-assisted extraction. When the temperature, pressure and extraction time were optimized, the highest yields and lowest IC50 were observed. Total phenolics and total flavonoids content were maximized, while IC50 value was minimized, and optimum conditions were determined using desirability function. The most efficient extraction conditions for all three responses were the temperature of 200°C, the pressure of 30 bar and extraction time of 28.3 min [55]. In another study, the hot water extract of the coriander fruits has been evaluated for their antioxidant characters [56]. The aerial parts of the hydroalcoholic extract of *C. sativum* showed important antioxidant activity besides anticonvulsant effects [57]. The antioxidant activity of the essential oil of coriander conducted by different types of antioxidant tests have been investigated, and the total phenolic content of the sample is found the 52.3 mg GAE/L [17, 58].

The potency of the antioxidant activity of coriander is indeed attributed to its carotenoid content. Carotenoid extract of the coriander showed high antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 14.29 ± 1.68 μg/mL, scavenging hydroxyl radicals and providing higher protection to DNA than by standard gallic acid (IC50 = 357.21 ± 4.29) [37]. It was seen that there was a synergistic action between the carotenoids compared to the crude extract [38]. Obviously, the aqueous or alcoholic extracts of the coriander have significant antioxidant capacity depending on the polyphenolic content. Carotenoids in coriander show higher antioxidant capacity in the extracts.

#### **6.2. Antimicrobial effects**

importance in the food industry. Petroselinic acid (18:1), linoleic acid (18:2), oleic acid (18:1), and palmitic acid (16:0) are valuable fatty acids of coriander fruits [16, 17]. Petroselinic acid is an important fatty acid to show substantial biological effects. It significantly increased the production of anti-inflammatory precursor and decreased pro-inflammatory precursor [13], and it has the capability to the reduction of arachidonic acid in the heart and liver of rats. When petroselinic acid was orally administered, the overproduction of arachidonic acid has been restricted [45]. Moreover, it has antimicrobial properties and can be a competitive inhibitor of topoisomerases; therefore, it is a potential agent in the treatment of cancer [46]. Topoisomerases modify the structure of DNA and play a role in the progression of several proliferative diseases [45]. In addition, the major components of the essential oil of coriander, linalool has antioxidant, anticancer, neuroprotective, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, relieving migraine, analgesic, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, blood pressure lowering effects [47]. A syrup prepared by the ethanolic extract of the coriander fruits exhibited short-term considerable effects on migraine reducing duration and frequency of the migraine attacks and diminishing pain degree, in a month [48]. In short, coriander fruits and its oil have been used for many diseases [13] such as for the treatment of rheumatism, gastrointestinal upsets, insomnia, flatulence, and joint pain in humans [49]. Moreover, coriander has a positive influence on lipid profile in plasma of rats [50]. The hydroalcoholic extract of the coriander fruits has exhibited anti-inflammatory, and anti-granuloma properties are reducing TNF-R1 expression on peritoneal macrophages in an experimental model [51]. The fruits of the plant are famous for carminative, diuretic effects and used in the treatment of cold, fever, nausea, and stomach disorders [16]. The fruit extract has been found as a strong analgesic agent than dexamethasone [52]. Laribi et al. discussed with all aspects regarding the pharmacological effects of coriander in a review [9]. In this

manner, the most frequent effects of coriander will be debated in an order.

The antioxidant potencies of polyphenolic compounds from *Coriandrum sativum* against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage in human lymphocytes have been investigated in some articles. It was seen that the treatment with polyphenolic fractions (50 μg/mL) was increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione-S-transferase) and glutathione content. On the other hand, it reduced the levels of TBARS significantly [53]. The aqueous coriander extracts (2.734 mg) of total phenolics (catechin equivalents) per 100 g of a dry sample exhibits considerable antioxidant activity according to the *β*-carotene/linoleic acid model. The caffeic acid (4.34 and 2.64 mg/mL), protocatechuic acid and glycitin (6.43 and 3.27 mg/mL) were found in high concentration in the aqueous extract [54]. Moreover, it seems that subcritical water extraction showed significant improvement comparing the yields of phenolics and flavonoids obtained with this technique against conventional solid-liquid extraction and modern extraction techniques, such as ultrasound-assisted and microwave-assisted extraction. When the temperature, pressure and extraction time were optimized, the highest yields and lowest IC50 were observed. Total phenolics and total flavonoids content were maximized, while IC50 value was minimized, and optimum conditions were determined using desirability function. The most efficient extraction conditions for all three responses were the temperature of 200°C, the pressure of 30 bar and extraction time

**6.1. Antioxidant effects**

174 Potential of Essential Oils

The antimicrobial activity of the coriander has been arisen from the essential oil content. The essential oil of coriander has been exhibited potent antimicrobial activity against oral pathogens, and a dental gel formulation [59]. Moreover, the aqueous extract of coriander was found to have potency against acne-inducing bacteria (MIC values are 1.7 mg/mL for *Propionibacterium acne* and 2.1 mg/mL for *Staphylococcus epidermidis*). The formulations commercially developed for the treatment of acne, showed the same activity [60]. The development of advanced anti-acne formulations, the coriander oil is the good options due to the antibacterial activity [61]. Coriander is also found as an important herbal remedy for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antimicrobial properties of diaper dermatitis which is a common dermal disorder [62]. Moreover, coriander oil exhibited powerful activity against *Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi,* and *Acinetobacter baumannii* with different degrees of inhibition. *Bacillus cereus* was the most sensitive strain along with one of the multidrug-resistant clinical strains of *Acinetobacter baumannii* (MIC 50.1%, v/v), while *P. aeruginosa* was the most resistant to growth inhibition by the tested oil, showing the highest determined MIC (1.6%, v/v), with the exception of *B. cereus* and *E. faecalis*. On account of this, the use of coriander oil can be encouraged in antibacterial formulations owing to the fact that coriander oil effectively kills pathogenic bacteria related to foodborne diseases and hospital infections [63]. In many studies, coriander essential oil was investigated for the antibacterial and antifungal activity and has been found a good potency of the antimicrobial activity [17, 58, 64]. The antifungal activity of the essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation from *Coriandrum sativum* has been examined against different *Candida* species and exhibited antifungal activity against all tested species of *Candida*, except for *C. tropicalis* CBS 94. Hence, it was concluded that the oil could be used as potential antimicrobial agents to treat or prevent *Candida* yeast infections [65]. In another study, the essential oil of *C. sativum* leaves growing in Kenya showed antimicrobial activity against clinical isolates of Gram (+) (*S. aureus, Bacillus* spp.) and Gram (−) (*E. coli, Salmonella typhi, K. pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, P. aeruginosa*) bacteria but not a pathogenic fungus, *C. albicans* [66]. It was observed that the fruit oil of coriander displayed very good activity against *S. aureus*, *S. haemolyticus*, *P. aeruginosa*, *E. coli*, and *Listeria monocytogenes* [12]. In addition, the coriander essential oils which are obtained by hydrodistillation and microwave-assisted hydrodistillation have been compared for their antimicrobial potency. No distinctive activity differences were found except for energy and time savings [67].

For example, the aqueous extract of coriander fruits (200, 400, and 600 mg/kg per day), alcohol extracts (400 and 600 mg/kg per day), and essential oil (600 mg/kg per day) increased pentobarbital-induced sleeping time. In a mouse study, coriander fruits (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) was compared with diazepam (0.5 mg/kg) in animal models of anxiety. Coriander fruits were

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The hydro-methanolic extract of coriander fruits has been found cardioprotective potential. This effect should be attributable to its high polyphenol content in the fruits likewise. The preventive effect of coriander on cardiac damage has been investigated by isoproterenol induced cardiotoxicity model in male Wistar rats and found that the methanolic extract of the fruits prevent myocardial infarction by inhibiting myofibrillar damage on rats [72]. The coriander fruits caused a significant decrease in all cholesterol-associated lipids, while the extract reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol; the extract also improved the cardioprotective indices. Coriander fruits also reduced dyslipidemia in rabbits. All blood-fat values improved significantly with the coriander diet. It means that

The anthelmintic activities (*in vitro*) of crude aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts of the fruits of *Coriandrum sativum* were investigated on the egg and adult nematode parasite called as *Haemonchus contortus* and the aqueous extract of coriander for *in vivo* anthelmintic activity in sheep infected with *Haemonchus contortus*. Both extract types inhibited completely leaving eggs at a concentration less than 0.5 mg/mL. ED50 of aqueous extract was found 0.12 mg/mL while that of the hydroalcoholic extract was 0.18 mg/mL [73]. Moreover, all essential oil dosages showed a significant level of toxicity to the *Sitophilus granarius* (an insect) after 5 days in chickpea grains [29].

Coriander is a potential herb to protect the body against absorption of heavy metals and other dietary toxins. Moreover, the herb can be able to prevent the formation of gastric ulcers and *Helicobacter pylori.* In a study, the antigastric ulcer and antisecretory activity of coriander have been confirmed and concluded that the effect might be linked to the antioxidant property of different constituents present in Coriander, involved in scavenging of the reactive oxygen species on the surface of gastric mucosa, or might also form a protective layer by hydrophobic interactions. That is why, it protects the cells from gastric injury [74]. In a recent work, the animal study showed that coriander fruits (250 mg/kg and 500 per os) protected the animals against the ulcerogenic effects of salt, sodium hydroxide, ethanol, indomethacin, and pylorus

The long chain fatty acids are potentially beneficial in antiaging products for local use, helping to restore barrier properties of the epidermis and prevent moisture loss. Therefore, the long chain fatty acids can be considered as potential antiaging agents. Coriander fruit oil is very

almost recorded equivalent to diazepam as an anxiolytic at the two higher doses [12].

the extracts have beneficial profits on cardioprotective effect [12].

**6.5. Cardioprotective effects**

**6.6. Anthelmintic effects**

**6.7. Antiulcer effects**

ligation dose-dependently [12].

**6.8. Antiaging effects**

#### **6.3. Antidiabetic effects**

In many articles, we can find the antidiabetic effects regarding the coriander. In fact, coriander has been confirmed as an antidiabetic remedy. The studies have confirmed the antihyperglycemic effect of coriander in streptozotocin-diabetic mice. The mechanism of action of the antihyperglycemic action of the aqueous extract of the coriander fruits is connected with stimulation of insulin secretion, enhancement of glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle. In general, the effect is generated by one or more components existed in the extract. Therefore, *C. sativum* is acceptable as a possible antihyperglycemic dietary supplement and can be accounted for a potential source of a new orally active agent for diabetes [68]. In another study, a single dose of coriander fruit-extract or glibenclamide suppressed hyperglycemia in obese–hyperglycemic–hyperlipidemic *Meriones shawi* rats. After administration, the insulin resistance significantly decreased in the rats. Interestingly, the hypoglycemic effect was lower in normal rats, its mean; the test substances reduced plasma glucose, insulin and insulin resistance, cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and triglyceride [69]. Moreover, it was observed that a dose of coriander fruit decrease and regulate blood sugar and dyslipidemia at typical traditional doses in the patients who have noninsulindependent diabetes mellitus. In a study of 40 volunteers, 20 subjects took 2.5 g of ground coriander fruit twice daily for 60 days and 20 volunteers served as controls. The treatment group had a significant declining in fasting blood-sugar levels; a significant reduction in lipid peroxidation in red blood cells; and rises in serum β-carotene, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, and glutathione levels [12]. In addition, the animals in the two groups showed almost similar weight gain, and the diet consumption was similar in both groups. There is a significant decrease in fasting blood glucose level and increase in the concentration of hepatic glycogen in the rats of the experimental group. Hexokinase and phosphoglucomutase activity increased significantly in the liver of rats administered coriander fruits. The glycogen synthase activity in the liver was increased, and that of glycogen phosphorylase showed a decrease in the rats of the experimental group compared to the control group. Significant reduction in glucose-6-phosphatase activity was observed in the experimental group, whereas glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity showed a significant increase [70]. In this frame, coriander, especially the fruits of the plant found in the receipts can be also acceptable for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis and chronic liver diseases [71].

#### **6.4. Anxiolytic effects**

The aqueous extract of coriander fruits has an anxiolytic activity and may possess sedative and muscle relaxant effects dose-dependently in mice. Its utility in clinical applications may be similar to that of diazepam. The effect of coriander at a dose of 100 mg/kg in mice was found almost equivalent to that of 0.3 mg/kg diazepam on the plus-maze test. According to the studies on animal and on human, 7.5 g dry extract of coriander fruit may be suggested as effective dose for a 75 kg adult man. This corresponds to an infusion of approximately 20 g of coriander fruit in 100 mL water, considering the yield of the extract in the range of the coriander doses, tentatively used in traditional medicine. However, the effect of the extract in a clinical application was not determined to reach the optimum therapeutic dose for a human [49]. For example, the aqueous extract of coriander fruits (200, 400, and 600 mg/kg per day), alcohol extracts (400 and 600 mg/kg per day), and essential oil (600 mg/kg per day) increased pentobarbital-induced sleeping time. In a mouse study, coriander fruits (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) was compared with diazepam (0.5 mg/kg) in animal models of anxiety. Coriander fruits were almost recorded equivalent to diazepam as an anxiolytic at the two higher doses [12].

#### **6.5. Cardioprotective effects**

In addition, the coriander essential oils which are obtained by hydrodistillation and microwave-assisted hydrodistillation have been compared for their antimicrobial potency. No dis-

In many articles, we can find the antidiabetic effects regarding the coriander. In fact, coriander has been confirmed as an antidiabetic remedy. The studies have confirmed the antihyperglycemic effect of coriander in streptozotocin-diabetic mice. The mechanism of action of the antihyperglycemic action of the aqueous extract of the coriander fruits is connected with stimulation of insulin secretion, enhancement of glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle. In general, the effect is generated by one or more components existed in the extract. Therefore, *C. sativum* is acceptable as a possible antihyperglycemic dietary supplement and can be accounted for a potential source of a new orally active agent for diabetes [68]. In another study, a single dose of coriander fruit-extract or glibenclamide suppressed hyperglycemia in obese–hyperglycemic–hyperlipidemic *Meriones shawi* rats. After administration, the insulin resistance significantly decreased in the rats. Interestingly, the hypoglycemic effect was lower in normal rats, its mean; the test substances reduced plasma glucose, insulin and insulin resistance, cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and triglyceride [69]. Moreover, it was observed that a dose of coriander fruit decrease and regulate blood sugar and dyslipidemia at typical traditional doses in the patients who have noninsulindependent diabetes mellitus. In a study of 40 volunteers, 20 subjects took 2.5 g of ground coriander fruit twice daily for 60 days and 20 volunteers served as controls. The treatment group had a significant declining in fasting blood-sugar levels; a significant reduction in lipid peroxidation in red blood cells; and rises in serum β-carotene, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, and glutathione levels [12]. In addition, the animals in the two groups showed almost similar weight gain, and the diet consumption was similar in both groups. There is a significant decrease in fasting blood glucose level and increase in the concentration of hepatic glycogen in the rats of the experimental group. Hexokinase and phosphoglucomutase activity increased significantly in the liver of rats administered coriander fruits. The glycogen synthase activity in the liver was increased, and that of glycogen phosphorylase showed a decrease in the rats of the experimental group compared to the control group. Significant reduction in glucose-6-phosphatase activity was observed in the experimental group, whereas glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity showed a significant increase [70]. In this frame, coriander, especially the fruits of the plant found in the receipts can

tinctive activity differences were found except for energy and time savings [67].

be also acceptable for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis and chronic liver diseases [71].

The aqueous extract of coriander fruits has an anxiolytic activity and may possess sedative and muscle relaxant effects dose-dependently in mice. Its utility in clinical applications may be similar to that of diazepam. The effect of coriander at a dose of 100 mg/kg in mice was found almost equivalent to that of 0.3 mg/kg diazepam on the plus-maze test. According to the studies on animal and on human, 7.5 g dry extract of coriander fruit may be suggested as effective dose for a 75 kg adult man. This corresponds to an infusion of approximately 20 g of coriander fruit in 100 mL water, considering the yield of the extract in the range of the coriander doses, tentatively used in traditional medicine. However, the effect of the extract in a clinical application was not determined to reach the optimum therapeutic dose for a human [49].

**6.3. Antidiabetic effects**

176 Potential of Essential Oils

**6.4. Anxiolytic effects**

The hydro-methanolic extract of coriander fruits has been found cardioprotective potential. This effect should be attributable to its high polyphenol content in the fruits likewise. The preventive effect of coriander on cardiac damage has been investigated by isoproterenol induced cardiotoxicity model in male Wistar rats and found that the methanolic extract of the fruits prevent myocardial infarction by inhibiting myofibrillar damage on rats [72]. The coriander fruits caused a significant decrease in all cholesterol-associated lipids, while the extract reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol; the extract also improved the cardioprotective indices. Coriander fruits also reduced dyslipidemia in rabbits. All blood-fat values improved significantly with the coriander diet. It means that the extracts have beneficial profits on cardioprotective effect [12].

#### **6.6. Anthelmintic effects**

The anthelmintic activities (*in vitro*) of crude aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts of the fruits of *Coriandrum sativum* were investigated on the egg and adult nematode parasite called as *Haemonchus contortus* and the aqueous extract of coriander for *in vivo* anthelmintic activity in sheep infected with *Haemonchus contortus*. Both extract types inhibited completely leaving eggs at a concentration less than 0.5 mg/mL. ED50 of aqueous extract was found 0.12 mg/mL while that of the hydroalcoholic extract was 0.18 mg/mL [73]. Moreover, all essential oil dosages showed a significant level of toxicity to the *Sitophilus granarius* (an insect) after 5 days in chickpea grains [29].

#### **6.7. Antiulcer effects**

Coriander is a potential herb to protect the body against absorption of heavy metals and other dietary toxins. Moreover, the herb can be able to prevent the formation of gastric ulcers and *Helicobacter pylori.* In a study, the antigastric ulcer and antisecretory activity of coriander have been confirmed and concluded that the effect might be linked to the antioxidant property of different constituents present in Coriander, involved in scavenging of the reactive oxygen species on the surface of gastric mucosa, or might also form a protective layer by hydrophobic interactions. That is why, it protects the cells from gastric injury [74]. In a recent work, the animal study showed that coriander fruits (250 mg/kg and 500 per os) protected the animals against the ulcerogenic effects of salt, sodium hydroxide, ethanol, indomethacin, and pylorus ligation dose-dependently [12].

#### **6.8. Antiaging effects**

The long chain fatty acids are potentially beneficial in antiaging products for local use, helping to restore barrier properties of the epidermis and prevent moisture loss. Therefore, the long chain fatty acids can be considered as potential antiaging agents. Coriander fruit oil is very rich in these types of the fatty acids. The studies done as a topical treatment for a variety of skin conditions with coriander-fruit oil and as a component of herbal sunscreens seem very impressive [12]. The oil may contain ceramides of petroselinic acid as well. The extract also functions as an anti-irritant and helps to maintain skin texture and tone. A specially prepared extract from coriander fruits such as Umbelliferin® (INCI: *Coriandrum sativum* (coriander) extract is a trademarked product containing petroselinic acid triglycerides obtained as a nonlauric fraction from coriander fruit oil) helps in supporting skin barrier functions [45]. Preparations using coriander/oil as single form or in combination with the other plants can be developed in the future and may become famous as one of the secrets of staying young for a long time.

with other herbals are recommended for dyspeptic complaints, loss of appetite, convulsion, insomnia, and anxiety. Coriander essential oil has also a long history in traditional medicine. The essential oil was found to improve blood glucose control and promise as an antihyperglycemic (antidiabetic) agent [17]. On the other hand, the aqueous extract of coriander fruits is used in traditional Moroccan medicine in the treatment of diabetes and dyslipidemia besides to treat a variety of disorders [69] including Saudi Arabia and Jordan [9]. In addition, Moroccan and Palestinian pharmacopeias have been mentioned the usages of coriander as a traditional diuretic and treat urinary infections [15]. In Iranian traditional medicine, coriander fruits have a long history of use as an anxiolytic and a sedative in insomnia. The fruits were widely used internally as a carminative, digestive, spasmolytic, and galactagogic as usual. Moreover, it is also known as an anti-inflammatory agent in Iranian traditional medicine, still in herbal formulations, might be beneficial in human inflammatory bowel diseases [77]. Coriander is highly reputed Ayurvedic medicinal plant commonly known as "Dhanya" in India [15]. Usage of coriander leaves is not clear on diabetes as suggested on Persian folklore medicine, but Ayurvedic medicine also recommends the regular use of a decoction of coriander fruits (seeds) and mentioned about effects in the treatment of arthritis and other inflammatory disorders [9, 12]. Anyway, it is the main ingredient in curry powder in Indian food; the fresh green leaf is dominated in Thai and Vietnamese foods. Moreover, the roots of coriander have been used in Asian cuisine for intense flavor [9]. Moreover, in some regions of India, the plant has been used traditionally for its "antiinflammatory" principals; besides, the fruits are used to treat spermatorrhea, leucorrhea, and

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In the United States, coriander has recently been studied for its cholesterol-lowering effects [16]. Moreover, in some parts of Europe, coriander has traditionally been referred to as an "antidiabetic" plant [16, 78]. In Pakistan, the whole plant part is used for the treatment of flatulence, dysentery, diarrhea, cough, stomach complaints, jaundice, and vomiting. In Turkey, it is noted that the fruit infusions are useful in indigestion and as an appetizer [9]. However, in history, it is mentioned that coriander has an aphrodisiac effect as many other

In traditional medicine, the usual dose of fruit powder is from 1 to 5 g, three times per day. This translates to a 43–71 mg/kg dose for a 70 kg individual [12]. Most of the traditional usages of the coriander have been supported by scientific data as mentioned in the text. This point is very important that the plant has been integrated between traditional and scientific usages.

Coriander fruits at a dose of 750 mg/kg caused no mortality in rats, and LD50 (lethal dose that kills 50% of test subjects) for the oil was found 4.13 g/kg. However, high doses of coriander fruits (500 mg/kg) inhibited implantation in female rats significantly and had a small abortifacient (but no teratogenic) effect on the rats. In the Ames test, a dried leaf extract produced a mutagenic effect [12]. By the way, coriander juice extracts were neither toxic nor mutagenic in the range of concentrations tested (50–1000 μL/coincubation flask); the chlorophyll content in

rheumatic fever [16, 78].

**8. Toxicity of coriander**

whole juice extracts was 0.0325 μg/mL [79].

spices [78].

#### **6.9. Anticancer effects**

The biochemical effect of coriander fruits on lipid parameters in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine induced colon cancer has been studied in rats. The concentrations of cholesterol and cholesterol to phospholipid ratio declined while the level of phospholipid increased significantly in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine control group compared to the coriander administered group. Fecal dry weight, fecal neutral sterols, and bile acids showed a sharp increase in the coriander-fed group compared with the DMH-administered group. Thus, it seems that the coriander plays a protective role in the lipid metabolism of colon cancer [75]. Although there are not many studies on the anticancer effect of coriander, there are some studies based on antioxidant effect.

#### **6.10. Diuretic effects**

There is no more study on diuretic effect of coriander to mention in this compilation. In a study, the aqueous extract of coriander fruits was implemented by continuous intravenous infusion (120 min) at two doses (40 and 100 mg/kg) under anesthetize conditions. A diuretic-Furosemide (10 mg/kg) has been used as the standard drug. In the assay, water and electrolyte excretion (sodium, potassium, and chloride) were measured in urine, and glomerular filtration ratio (equal to creatinine clearance) was determined. The crude aqueous extract of coriander fruits increased diuresis, excretion of electrolytes, and glomerular filtration rate in a dose-dependent way; but furosemide was found more potent as a diuretic and saluretic. By the way, the mechanism of action of the plant extract appears to be similar to that of furosemide. In Moroccan pharmacopeia, the coriander is listed and indicated that the aqueous extract of coriander fruits has diuretic and saluretic activity verifying the use of coriander as a diuretic plant [11].

## **7. Coriander in traditional medicine**

All parts of this herb are in use as a flavoring agent (culinary purposes) and/or as traditional remedies for the treatment of different ailments in the folk medicine on different civilizations [15, 76] especially in digestive disorders. The fruits of this herb are very popular as a spice in Mediterranean countries [9]. Hippocrates (460–377 BC) used coriander in ancient Greek Medicines. Decoction and tincture of powdered fruits of *C. sativum* alone or in combinations with other herbals are recommended for dyspeptic complaints, loss of appetite, convulsion, insomnia, and anxiety. Coriander essential oil has also a long history in traditional medicine. The essential oil was found to improve blood glucose control and promise as an antihyperglycemic (antidiabetic) agent [17]. On the other hand, the aqueous extract of coriander fruits is used in traditional Moroccan medicine in the treatment of diabetes and dyslipidemia besides to treat a variety of disorders [69] including Saudi Arabia and Jordan [9]. In addition, Moroccan and Palestinian pharmacopeias have been mentioned the usages of coriander as a traditional diuretic and treat urinary infections [15]. In Iranian traditional medicine, coriander fruits have a long history of use as an anxiolytic and a sedative in insomnia. The fruits were widely used internally as a carminative, digestive, spasmolytic, and galactagogic as usual. Moreover, it is also known as an anti-inflammatory agent in Iranian traditional medicine, still in herbal formulations, might be beneficial in human inflammatory bowel diseases [77]. Coriander is highly reputed Ayurvedic medicinal plant commonly known as "Dhanya" in India [15]. Usage of coriander leaves is not clear on diabetes as suggested on Persian folklore medicine, but Ayurvedic medicine also recommends the regular use of a decoction of coriander fruits (seeds) and mentioned about effects in the treatment of arthritis and other inflammatory disorders [9, 12]. Anyway, it is the main ingredient in curry powder in Indian food; the fresh green leaf is dominated in Thai and Vietnamese foods. Moreover, the roots of coriander have been used in Asian cuisine for intense flavor [9]. Moreover, in some regions of India, the plant has been used traditionally for its "antiinflammatory" principals; besides, the fruits are used to treat spermatorrhea, leucorrhea, and rheumatic fever [16, 78].

In the United States, coriander has recently been studied for its cholesterol-lowering effects [16]. Moreover, in some parts of Europe, coriander has traditionally been referred to as an "antidiabetic" plant [16, 78]. In Pakistan, the whole plant part is used for the treatment of flatulence, dysentery, diarrhea, cough, stomach complaints, jaundice, and vomiting. In Turkey, it is noted that the fruit infusions are useful in indigestion and as an appetizer [9]. However, in history, it is mentioned that coriander has an aphrodisiac effect as many other spices [78].

In traditional medicine, the usual dose of fruit powder is from 1 to 5 g, three times per day. This translates to a 43–71 mg/kg dose for a 70 kg individual [12]. Most of the traditional usages of the coriander have been supported by scientific data as mentioned in the text. This point is very important that the plant has been integrated between traditional and scientific usages.
