**Conflict of interest**

None.

ventricular CSF to the subgaleal, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces was being tried by

Balkenstich method, which the callosotomy was performed to drain lateral ventricle to the subdural space, was introduced by Anton and von Bramann. Unfortunately, this procedure

In 1908, by using vein grafts, Payr created a drainage corridor between the ventricles and sinus sagittalis superior or jugular veins [7]. In the very same year, Kausch performed ven-

In the same period, Heile performed several spinal CSF diversions to the peritoneum and

As a pioneer neurological surgeon, Cushing also described a technique of lumboperitoneal

Dandy was reported that CSF production was made grossly by choroid plexus and this in turn led Dandy to introduce bilateral choroid plexectomy to reduce CSF production [10]. To treat infantile hydrocephaly, this method had been used as a procedure of first choice in the United States. Endoscopic choroid plexectomy followed this development in the late 1930s [11]. Dandy also innovated the lamina terminalis penetration to the third ventricle via subfrontal or subtemporal approaches. This technique was further developed by endoscopic

Takildsen developed a shunt system between lateral ventricle and cisterna magna (ventriculocisternostomy). By the time, efforts of CSF diversions to other body cavities, such as ureter, heart, jugular vein, thoracic duct, pleural space, gallbladder, fallopian tube, ileum, and sali-

In 1952, Nulsen and Spitz worked with John Holter, whose child also suffering from hydrocephaly, introduced valve-regulated shunt system with spring and ball valve [5]. At the same time, Pudenz produced one-way slit valve from silicone [1]. Ventriculoperitoneal shunt systems were popularized by the attempts of Ames [12] and Raimondi and Matsumoto [13]. Since then, new hardwares were developed. Nowadays, there are numerous options for valves, catheters, antisiphon devices, programmable valves for CSF diversion procedures.

Past three decades, neuroendoscope once again gained popularity, the benefits of which include accurate placement of ventricular catheter and third ventriculostomy [14]. Furthermore, stereotactic localization and neuronavigation secured the procedures and warrant exact localiza-

Despite those technological developments, treating a hydrocephalic patient still remains a challenging procedure for present neurological surgeons. We, neurological surgeons, still

Miculicz firstly with the use of gold tubes and catgut strands [5].

was withdrawn due to high mortality rates [6].

4 Hydrocephalus: Water on the Brain

urinary system with various methods [9].

approaches.

vary ducts had developed [5].

tion of ventricular catheters.

**2. Conclusion**

triculoperitoneal drainage system with rubber tubes [8].

CSF diversion by silver cannulas via L4 vertebral corpus [5].
