**Meet the editors**

Professor Andrew Tsin is the Chair of Biomedical Sciences Department and the Associate Dean of Research, School of Medicine, at the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley in Edinburg, Texas. His laboratory conducts research to study visual pigment regeneration and ocular diseases from diabetic complications. Professor Tsin has published more than 300 refereed research

articles and conference papers. He is a Gold Fellow of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, a Fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine, and a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. In 2011, Professor Tsin was presented a Presidential Award for Excellence in Science, Mathematics and Engineering Mentoring by President Obama at the Oval Office.

Jeffery G. Grigsby is a practicing optometrist, biologist, researcher, and writer with a special interest in diabetic eye disease. In his earlier career, he provided patient care in optometric and ophthalmologic practices in West Texas. He chaired or served on 18 different Texas Optometric Association (TOA) committees and served as the president of that organization. He is a four-time re-

cipient of the TOA's Presidential Award for Service. In a mid-career shift, he currently divides his time between seeing patients, doing research, writing reviews on special interest topics in diabetic eye disease, and teaching. Currently, he serves as an adjunct faculty member at the University of Houston, College of Optometry, and a recurrent faculty member at the Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center.

Contents

**Preface VII**

Chapter 1 **Introductory Chapter: Diabetes, It is Always Something 3**

Chapter 2 **Potential Imaging Biomarkers in the Development and Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy 9**

Chapter 4 **Imaging of Hypoxia in Retinal Vascular Disease 47**

Julia Hafner, Sonja Karst and Ursula Schmidt-Erfurth

Chapter 3 **Interphotoreceptor Retinoid-Binding Protein Implications in**

Chapter 5 **Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy: An Overview of Vitreous**

Derrick J. Feenstra, Faye M. Drawnel and Ashwath Jayagopal

Jeffery G. Grigsby and Andrew T.C. Tsin

**Section 2 Early Events in Diabetic Retinopathy 7**

**Diabetic Retinopathy 37**

**Section 3 Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy 69**

**Immune and Biomarkers 71** Andi Arus Victor and Ratna Sitompul

Kevin Bermea

**Section 1 Introduction 1**
