**2.2. Data collection**

upland communities are situated in a peninsula-shaped enclave in Manusela valley. People of those communities are highly dependent on forest resources, and they historically used to use forest areas inside the national park. However, no "traditional zone" is established in the mountain areas where the local people harvest forest resources. The park management

**resource use**

v v

**Not adjoining core zone**

v

**Figure 4.** The main street in Amanioho (A) and a distant view of Amanioho (B).

Core Research, education, building non-permanent supporting facilities. Wilderness Research, education, restricted tourism, building supporting facilities. Utilization Tourism and tourism development, building supporting facilities.

Rehabilitation Rehabilitation-related activities.

**Table 1.** Zonation of National Parks in Indonesia.

Other zones

historical

Religious, cultural and

146 Tropical Forests - New Edition

**Zone Allowed activities Local** 

Rituals, cultural/historical sites maintenance.

and electricity), resource/ land use for livelihood.

Sources: Ministerial Decree 'P.19/Menhut-II/2004 on collaborative management of nature reserves and protected areas,

Traditional Resource use (NTFPs) in a traditional way. v Special Accommodating facilities and infrastructure (e.g. roads

and Ministerial Decree'P.56/Menhut-II/2006 on guidelines for zoning of national parks.

The following research methods were used. All interviews were conducted by the author using Bahasa (a common Indonesian language) mixed with the local language, *Sou upa*.


names were identified at the Herbarium Bogoriense, the Indonesian center for science. Initial extensive survey work was conducted in 2003. Supplementary surveys were conducted through the interviews with three village men and two women to complement previous data in October–November 2010, February 2012, and September 2012.

type and time period, MS organized survey trips in the following manner. A single transect survey trip took 2 days. On the first day, the recorders walked along forest trails from disturbed forest areas with human-forest mosaics relatively near the village settlements to remote forest areas covered by primary/old natural growth, and they stayed overnight in the forest. On the second day, the recorders walked back along the same forest trails. Since rain may hinder parrot activities, we discontinued the survey during the monsoon. We conducted these surveys during durian (*Durio zibethinus*), jackfruit (*Artocarpus champeden*) and langsat (*Lansium domesticum*) fruiting seasons (in February 2012) and outside the seasons (in September 2012) to avoid a seasonal bias (**Tables 2** and **3**). Data collected by the participatory parrot transect surveys are not available to estimate the population density of the Moluccan cockatoo, but they are sufficient for evaluating relative abundances of the

A Re-Examination of the Validity of the "Separative and Exclusive Conservation Model": Insights…

**Highest altitude** 

**Number of times of survey Fruiting season (Feb.** 

**Non-fruiting season (Sep. 2012)**

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76819

149

**Percentage (%)**

**2012)**

Total 34 38

**Percentage (%) Non-fruiting season (m) (Sep. 2012)**

123,989 45 157,887 47

**(m)**

Damar forest 39,616 14 51,322 15 Forest garden 42,973 16 39,674 12 NTFP collection forest 19,428 7 24,607 7 Old fallow forest 9031 3 9540 3 Bamboo grove 18,059 7 24,620 7 Cacao garden 5817 2 8825 3 Sago grove 18,177 7 20,083 6

Route-1 9.4 860 1190 8 8 Route-2 11.3 800 990 6 10 Route-3 8.5 840 1410 10 10 Route-4 5.6 790 1140 10 10

cockatoo in different types of forests.

**Lowest altitude** 

**(m)**

**Route Length of transect (km)**

Source: Fieldwork.

Primary'/old secondary

Source: Fieldwork.

**Table 3.** Length of all surveyed transects (m).

forest

**Table 2.** Participatory transect surveys.

**Forest type Fruiting season (m)** 

**(Feb. 2012)**


**Figure 6.** Participatory parrot-transect survey. One of the recorders of the participatory parrot-transect survey (left) and a schematic of the participatory transect survey (right).

type and time period, MS organized survey trips in the following manner. A single transect survey trip took 2 days. On the first day, the recorders walked along forest trails from disturbed forest areas with human-forest mosaics relatively near the village settlements to remote forest areas covered by primary/old natural growth, and they stayed overnight in the forest. On the second day, the recorders walked back along the same forest trails. Since rain may hinder parrot activities, we discontinued the survey during the monsoon. We conducted these surveys during durian (*Durio zibethinus*), jackfruit (*Artocarpus champeden*) and langsat (*Lansium domesticum*) fruiting seasons (in February 2012) and outside the seasons (in September 2012) to avoid a seasonal bias (**Tables 2** and **3**). Data collected by the participatory parrot transect surveys are not available to estimate the population density of the Moluccan cockatoo, but they are sufficient for evaluating relative abundances of the cockatoo in different types of forests.


**Table 2.** Participatory transect surveys.


**Table 3.** Length of all surveyed transects (m).

**Figure 6.** Participatory parrot-transect survey. One of the recorders of the participatory parrot-transect survey (left) and

names were identified at the Herbarium Bogoriense, the Indonesian center for science. Initial extensive survey work was conducted in 2003. Supplementary surveys were conducted through the interviews with three village men and two women to complement previous

• Food intake surveys: MS distributed self-administered sheets to 14 randomly selected households and asked those household members to record contents of meals they had (food items, land types where those food items are harvested, etc.) for 16 days in 2 research periods, respectively. Data was collected from February 6 to February 21, 2012 (fruiting seasons/wet season) and from September 6 to September 21, 2012 (outside fruiting seasons/ dry season). During data collection, MS visited houses of the informants once every 2 days during the longest intervals to check the recorded data and clarified unclear data through

• Moluccan cockatoo site-mapping surveys: In February 2012, MS conducted a mapping survey to identify locations and forest types of cockatoo sites, that is, places where local villagers reported that the cockatoos are commonly seen or heard. MS interviewed 26 randomly selected villagers regarding the location and forest types of cockatoo sites. After the interviews, MS asked them to visit these sites with small GPS loggers (Trip Recorder 747Pro) to

• Participatory parrot-transect surveys: These were simple parrot census surveys conducted to understand the cockatoos' HMF use patterns more precisely. MS asked four village males to walk along small forest trails at about 1 km/h with small GPS loggers at specified time periods (from 6:30 to 12:30 and from 14:30 to 18:00) and to record the forest types, when they entered each forest type, when they saw or heard cockatoos and, if possible, the number of cockatoos (**Figure 6**). Before conducting the surveys, the author held a half-day training program to teach the villagers how to record the data. Behavior of the cockatoos may be affected by time. For the purpose of avoiding over-concentration of data in a certain forest

data in October–November 2010, February 2012, and September 2012.

record the geographical coordinates of the cockatoo sites.

a schematic of the participatory transect survey (right).

interviews.

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