**2.1. Material and sample preparation**

The material employed in the present work was a round bar (15 mm diameter) of the ISO 5832-1 austenitic stainless steel (chemical composition in wt%: 0.023 C, 0.78 Si, 2.09 Mn, 0.026 P, 0.0003 S, 18.32 Cr, 2.59 Mo, 14.33 Ni, and Fe balance). Specimens were treated with a nanosecond ytterbium (Yb) optical fiber laser at four different pulse frequencies, as shown in **Table 1**. A pulsed Nd: YAG laser (TRUMARK 5050™) was operated at a wavelength of 1062 ± 3 nm, with a laser average power of 50 W and a scanning speed of 200 mm s−1. **Figure 2** shows the surface finish of the laser-textured specimens.
