**Solution of Combined Economic Emission Dispatch Problem with Valve-Point Effect Using Hybrid NSGA II-MOPSO** Solution of Combined Economic Emission Dispatch Problem with Valve-Point Effect Using Hybrid NSGA II-MOPSO

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.72807

Arunachalam Sundaram

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80 Particle Swarm Optimization with Applications

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter Arunachalam Sundaram

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.72807 Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

#### Abstract

This chapter formulates a multi-objective optimization problem to simultaneously minimize the objectives of fuel cost and emissions from the power plants to meet the power demand subject to linear and nonlinear system constraints. These conflicting objectives are formulated as a combined economic emission dispatch (CEED) problem. Various metaheuristic optimization algorithms have been developed and successfully implemented to solve this complex, highly nonlinear, non-convex problem. To overcome the shortcomings of the evolutionary multi-objective algorithms like slow convergence to Pareto-optimal front, premature convergence, local trapping, it is very natural to think of integrating various algorithms to overcome the shortcomings. This chapter proposes a hybrid evolutionary multi-objective optimization framework using Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II and Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization to solve the CEED problem. The hybrid method along with the proposed constraint handling mechanism is able to balance the exploration and exploitation tasks. This hybrid method is tested on IEEE 30 bus system with quadratic cost function considering transmission loss and valve point effect. The Pareto front obtained using hybrid approach demonstrates that the approach converges to the true Pareto front, finds the diverse set of solutions along the Pareto front and confirms its potential to solve the CEED problem.

Keywords: multi-objective optimization, economic emission dispatch, Pareto optimality, NSGAII, MOPSO, B-loss coefficients

## 1. Introduction

In order to operate the power system economically and also to protect the environment from pollution the power system operator has to carry out optimal scheduling of active power to simultaneously minimize the fuel cost and the emissions from the fossil fuel-fired power plants.

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© The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and eproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

These objectives are desirable to obtain great economic benefit [1] and to reduce the nitrogen oxide (NOx), sulfur oxide (SOx) and carbon dioxide (CO2) pollutants which cause harmful effect on human beings [2]. These conflicting objectives can be formulated as a multi-objective combined economic emission dispatch (CEED) problem. This CEED problem can be solved using traditional mathematical programming techniques such as lambda iteration, gradient search [1] and can also be solved using modern heuristics optimization techniques. The numerous advantages of solving the CEED problem using heuristic optimization methods compared to the traditional mathematical programming techniques are they are population-based, do not require any derivative information, do not use gradient information in search process, use stochastic operators in search process, they are simple to implement and flexible, have inbuilt parallel architecture and they are scalable and are also computationally quick.

In order to obtain a globally optimal solution without being trapped in local optima requires a tradeoff between exploration and exploitation task in the search process. Exploration phase in any algorithm is important to search every part of the solution domain to provide an estimate of the global optimal solution. On the other hand exploitation phase in any algorithm is important to improve the best solutions found so far by searching in their neighborhood. In this chapter, a hybrid framework using Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA II) [22] and Multi-objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) [23] is used to solve the CEED problem. This hybrid framework integrates the desirable features of the NSGA II and MOPSO while curbing their individual flaws. These population-based approaches use different techniques for exploring the search space and when they are combined will improve the tradeoff between the exploration and exploitation tasks to converge around the best possible solutions. The main purpose of this hybridization technique is to obtain a well-spread and well-diverse PO solution. When the proposed hybrid algorithm is used to solve the highly complex CEED problem the PO solution is obtained in less number of iteration and is also

Solution of Combined Economic Emission Dispatch Problem with Valve-Point Effect Using Hybrid NSGA II-MOPSO

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.72807

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The rest of the chapter is organized as follows. The next section formulates the CEED problem. In Section 3, the transmission loss handling procedure and the constraint handling procedure is explained. In Section 4 the short review of NSGA II and MOPSO is provided. Section 5 is devoted to explaining the hybrid algorithm. In Section 6 the hybrid algorithm is applied on standard IEEE 30 bus systems and it also discusses the simulation results. Finally, the conclu-

2. Formulation of combined economic emission dispatch (CEED) problem

The combined economic emission dispatch problem has two conflicting objectives. The first objective can be stated as determining the optimal power generation schedule from a set of online generating units to satisfy the load demand subject to several physical and operational constraints to minimize the fuel cost. The second objective can be stated as determining the optimal power generation schedule from a set of online generating units to satisfy the load demand to minimize the pollutant emissions produced by the generating units. Both the conflicting objectives have to be minimized at the same time because operating the system with minimum cost will result in higher emission and considering only the minimum environmental impact is not practical which results in high production cost of the system. This section formulates the objective functions of the CEED problem along with equality and inequality constraints to maintain rigorous standards to meet the practical requirements of the power system. The goal of this chapter is to find the Pareto-optimal solutions of the CEED problem which minimize both

these objectives subject to constraints. The mathematical formulation is as follows.

The general formulation for a multi-objective optimization problem (MOOP) is to minimize the number of objective functions simultaneously. A general mathematical model is represented as

computationally fast when compared to MOPSO.

2.1. Objective functions of CEED problem

follows [21]:

sion is drawn in Section 7.

A single optimal solution cannot be obtained for a multi-objective CEED problem which simultaneously minimizes the conflicting objectives of fuel cost and emission. Thus the simultaneous minimization of conflicting objectives in a multi-objective optimization problem (MOP) gives rise to a set of tradeoff solution called as Pareto-optimal (PO) solutions [3] which needs further processing to arrive at a single preferred solution. In literature domination based framework using multi-objective evolutionary algorithms (MOEA) which simultaneously minimizes the fuel cost and emission have been employed to solve the CEED problem. These population-based approaches can obtain the multiple non dominated solutions in a single simulation run. These non-dominated solutions portray the tradeoff between fuel cost and emission objectives of CEED problem. Modern meta-heuristic optimization algorithms like Genetic Algorithm [4, 5], Biogeography Based Optimization [6], Particle Swarm Optimization [7], Bacterial Foraging Algorithm [8], Scatter Search [9], Teaching Learning Based Optimization [10], Differential Evolution [11] and Harmony Search Algorithm [12] have been developed and successfully implemented to solve this complex, highly nonlinear, non-convex CEED problem.

The multiple objective CEED problem can also be transformed into a single objective problem using a weighted sum approach and h parameter values. The h parameters are used to overcome the dimensionality problem when combining multi-objectives and the converted single objective problem is then solved using evolutionary algorithms [13–15]. Another technique to solve CEED problem without the h parameter is to normalize the fuel cost and emission components [6] and solve the single objective function using evolutionary algorithms (EA). In these approaches for the chosen value of weights will give one particular PO solution at a time. However, the disadvantage of these methods is that it requires multiple runs to find the set of PO solutions.

Each evolutionary algorithm has its own characteristics and merits; therefore it is natural to think of integrating these different algorithms to handle a complex problem like CEED. In the research field of Evolutionary Algorithms merging of two or more optimization algorithms into a single framework is called hybridization. In [16–21] hybrid multi-objective optimization algorithms have been successfully applied to solve CEED, various complex engineering problems, and standard test functions. The results indicate that the hybrid algorithms are effective, can exchange elite knowledge within the hybrid framework, can do parallel processing, can improve the exploration and exploitation capabilities and can yield more favorable performance than any single algorithm.

In order to obtain a globally optimal solution without being trapped in local optima requires a tradeoff between exploration and exploitation task in the search process. Exploration phase in any algorithm is important to search every part of the solution domain to provide an estimate of the global optimal solution. On the other hand exploitation phase in any algorithm is important to improve the best solutions found so far by searching in their neighborhood. In this chapter, a hybrid framework using Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA II) [22] and Multi-objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) [23] is used to solve the CEED problem. This hybrid framework integrates the desirable features of the NSGA II and MOPSO while curbing their individual flaws. These population-based approaches use different techniques for exploring the search space and when they are combined will improve the tradeoff between the exploration and exploitation tasks to converge around the best possible solutions. The main purpose of this hybridization technique is to obtain a well-spread and well-diverse PO solution. When the proposed hybrid algorithm is used to solve the highly complex CEED problem the PO solution is obtained in less number of iteration and is also computationally fast when compared to MOPSO.

The rest of the chapter is organized as follows. The next section formulates the CEED problem. In Section 3, the transmission loss handling procedure and the constraint handling procedure is explained. In Section 4 the short review of NSGA II and MOPSO is provided. Section 5 is devoted to explaining the hybrid algorithm. In Section 6 the hybrid algorithm is applied on standard IEEE 30 bus systems and it also discusses the simulation results. Finally, the conclusion is drawn in Section 7.
