**6.3 Data presentation and analysis**

The essence of this presentation and analysis is to ensure that the collected data is meaningful for decision-making. Therefore, this section is the critical aspect of the research, which provides the background upon which the results and conclusion of the study will rest.


Source: Field survey data, 2007.

Table 1.1 Countries that have the highest prevalence of HIV/AIDS

HIV/AIDS and the Productivity of Selected Sub-Saharan African Regions 257

( ) ( )( ) ( )

+ −

= −

( ) ( )( ) ( )

+

1962 5 13,590.90 5 12,499.29 8 1962 67,9546 62,496.2 0.4 8 1962 16,306.34 0.4

2 2 t 24,240 22,278

5 5 2 55

+ +

5 116.58 5 118.80 5 5

( )( )

Therefore, at a level of significance of 0.05, it could be observed that t – critical value is

Since the calculated value (24.29) > t- critical value (15.507), the null hypothesis is rejected and its alternative is accepted. This implies that there exists a significant relationship

From the above analysis, it should be noted that the influence of the HIV/AIDS epidemic on general productivity, cannot be underrated. This could be judged from its influence on the productivity of countries that are most affected by the disease. Some empirical researches have correlated the life expectancies of these countries with their respective GDPs. Therefore, this paper has validated that there is a functional relationship between HIV/AIDS pandemic and a decrease in the productivity of selected affected Sub Saharan

( )( )

1962 6522.535 1962 80.76 24.29

between the HIV/AIDS epidemic and productivity of the analysed region.

<sup>=</sup> <sup>+</sup>

( ) ( ) ( )

Where, X1 is mean of the total population's productivity=24,240 X2 is mean of the reduced population's productivity=22,278

=

=

=

= =

Using the degree of freedom: N1 + N2-2 = 5+5-2=8

S1= standard deviation of productivity of the total population =116.58 S2 = standard deviation of the productivity of the reduced= 111.80

N1 is number of countries in the first group =5

N2 is the same = 5

15.507.

**6.4 Decision** 

African regions.

**7. Result and conclusion** 

An assumption is proposed that the productivity of these countries is one dollar (\$1), in order to show manageable figures. The total population's productivity is then compared with the productivity of the reduced population as a result of the influence of the epidemic. Finally, this is used to represent its effects on the world economy.


Table 1.2 Deviation of population with HIV/AIDS productivity and population productivity without HIV/AIDS

$$\begin{array}{l} \overline{\text{Standard deviation}} & \overline{\text{x}\_{1}} = \sqrt{13,592} \\ & = 116.58 \\\\ \text{Standard deviation} & \overline{\text{x}\_{2}} = \sqrt{12,500} \\ & = 111.80 \\\\ \text{T}-\text{test} & = \overline{\text{x}\_{1}} - \overline{\text{x}\_{2}} \\ & \sqrt{\frac{\text{(N1s12 + N\_{2}S22)}{(N\_{1} + N\_{2} - 2)}}} \frac{(\text{N}\_{1} + \text{N}\_{2})}{\text{(N}\_{1} \times \text{N}\_{2})} \end{array}$$

1 2 1 2

( )

Where, X1 is mean of the total population's productivity=24,240 X2 is mean of the reduced population's productivity=22,278 N1 is number of countries in the first group =5

N2 is the same = 5

256 Social and Psychological Aspects of HIV/AIDS and Their Ramifications

An assumption is proposed that the productivity of these countries is one dollar (\$1), in order to show manageable figures. The total population's productivity is then compared with the productivity of the reduced population as a result of the influence of the epidemic.

Botswana 1,600 22640 1,300 22,940

Kenya 34,000 9,760 31,700 7,460

Zimbabwe 12,900 11,340 10,900 13,340

Uganda 27,800 3,560 27,290 3,050

dx1=67,960

dR1=13,592

Table 1.2 Deviation of population with HIV/AIDS productivity and population productivity

Standard deviation <sup>1</sup> x 13,592

Standard deviation <sup>2</sup> x 12,500

1 2

N1s12 N S22 N N NN2 N xN

( ) ( )

+ −

T test x x

− =−

n

I=i

44,900 20,660 40,200 15,960

nx1

I=i X2=22,278

PW=111390

116.58

111.80

( ) ( )

2 12

1 2 1 2

+ +

= =

> = =

Deviation Productivity of population without HIV/AIDS

Deviation

n=i

I=i

dX2=62,750

dX2=12,550

Finally, this is used to represent its effects on the world economy.

Country Productivity of total population (in 000)

p=121,200

101 x1= 24,40

South Africa

n

without HIV/AIDS

S1= standard deviation of productivity of the total population =116.58

S2 = standard deviation of the productivity of the reduced= 111.80

$$\begin{array}{l} \textbf{t} = 24,240 - 22,278\\ \hline \sqrt{\frac{\left(5\left(116.58\right)^2 + 5\left(118.80\right)^2\right)\left(5 + 5\right)}{\left(5 + 5 - 2\right)}}\\ = \frac{1962}{\sqrt{\frac{\left(5\left(13,590.90\right)\right) + 5\left(12,499.29\right)}{\left(8\right)}}}\\ = \frac{1962}{\sqrt{\frac{\left(67,9546 + 62.496.2\right)}{8}}(0.4)}\\ = \frac{1962}{\sqrt{\left(16,306.34\right)\left(0.4\right)}}\\ = \frac{1962}{\sqrt{1652.535}}\\ = \frac{1962}{80.76}\\ = 24.29 \end{array}$$

Using the degree of freedom: N1 + N2-2 = 5+5-2=8

Therefore, at a level of significance of 0.05, it could be observed that t – critical value is 15.507.

#### **6.4 Decision**

Since the calculated value (24.29) > t- critical value (15.507), the null hypothesis is rejected and its alternative is accepted. This implies that there exists a significant relationship between the HIV/AIDS epidemic and productivity of the analysed region.

#### **7. Result and conclusion**

From the above analysis, it should be noted that the influence of the HIV/AIDS epidemic on general productivity, cannot be underrated. This could be judged from its influence on the productivity of countries that are most affected by the disease. Some empirical researches have correlated the life expectancies of these countries with their respective GDPs. Therefore, this paper has validated that there is a functional relationship between HIV/AIDS pandemic and a decrease in the productivity of selected affected Sub Saharan African regions.

HIV/AIDS and the Productivity of Selected Sub-Saharan African Regions 259

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**15** 

*Duke University* 

*USA* 

**AIDS and Trauma:** 

Rachel Whetten and Kristen Shirey *Center for Health Policy & Inequalities Research* 

**Adults, Children and Orphans** 

Though HIV/AIDS has become more of a chronically-managed illness in the most well-off of places, it is still a devastating disease that spreads rapidly and silently. Biomedical and behavioral research conducted over the last 25 years has taught us a tremendous amount about HIV: the people it infects, the way it infects and the damage it reaps. While some of this research is headline news, particularly those discoveries that lead us closer to a vaccine or other biomedical prophylaxis like microbicides, and to a lesser extent behavioral research that teaches us about effective prevention efforts, what are infrequently discussed but are no less important are the very substantial effects that trauma has on those infected and affected by HIV. We have found that there are higher rates of past and current trauma in adults infected by HIV than in the general population and subsequently these adults often have higher rates of substance abuse and other high risk activities. In children orphaned and otherwise affected by AIDS, we see they suffer not just the loss of a parent, but also significant emotional wounds that require specific treatments to heal. HIV is more than a virus; it is a disease that exploits already present vulnerabilities like poverty and goes on to wreak havoc on all levels of society. In this chapter, we will talk about trauma and its relationship to HIV in both adults and children. We will use fictitious case studies starting in childhood and moving through adulthood to explicate the complicated life stories, specifically the significant role trauma plays in the lives of people who are affected by HIV.

**1.1 Orphans and culture and how AIDS has changed orphanhood** 

Orphans have been a part of the fabric of all cultures for time immemorial. Parents die at all times of a child's lifespan, from childbirth through the teenage years. AIDS has not created the experience of orphanhood but it has exacerbated the situation in many countries. Today, one hundred and forty-three million children are estimated to have lost one or both parents, fifteen million of these to AIDS (United Nations Children's Fund [UNICEF], 2009). Millions more have been abandoned by their parents. While Africa is most often referenced when discussing the orphan burden with respect to HIV/AIDS, South and Southeast Asian countries are caring for 67.5 million orphans alone (UNICEF, 2009). In both Africa and Asia, high mortality among young parents from conditions such as malaria, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, pregnancy complications, injuries, and natural disasters are responsible for the

**1. Introduction** 

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