Contents

### **Preface XI**



Chapter 8 **Analysis on High Temperature Gasification for Conversion of RDF into Bio-Methanol 143** Annarita Salladini, Emanuela Agostini, Alessia Borgogna, Luca Spadacini, Maria Cristina Annesini and Gaetano Iaquaniello Chapter 9 **Efficiency of Plasma Gasification Technologies for Hazardous Waste Treatment 165** Victor Zhovtyansky and Vitas Valinčius Chapter 10 **Small-Scale Energy Use of Agricultural Biogas Plant Wastes by Gasification 191** Dariusz Wiśniewski, Mariusz Siudak and Janusz Piechocki

Preface

day.

extraction of palm trees.

Society has evolved to use energy in gas and electricity in a more user-friendly form. The most coveted energy forms nowadays are gas in nature and electricity due to their environmental cleanness and convenience. Even with plentiful shale gas available in some countries, many

Gas energy that contains a heating value even one-tenth of natural gas is a more attractive option instead of using solid feedstock directly in combustion or pyrolysis mode. Combus‐ tion produces a gas of mainly CO2, which does not possess any heating value. In contrast, gasification converts solid feedstock into gas, which possesses energy content and can be

Recently, gasification market trend has started to switch to low-grade feedstock such as bio‐ mass and wastes, which are inherently low grade in terms of heating value and homogeneity. In this sense, the most promising area of development in gasification field lies in low-grade feedstock that should be converted into more user-friendly gas or electricity form in utilization. Gasification technology has been around more than a century, and it has reached a commer‐ cial scale of 3,000 ton/day in coal gasification cases. With cheaper natural gas available by shale gas revolution, adopting coal in gasification in large scale has dropped to a minimal level in most countries. Low-grade feedstock such as biomass and wastes becomes more inter‐ esting for gasification at much smaller capacity of few dozens to few hundreds of tons per

Most key nations that require gasification technology for low-grade feedstock must be those in active development and in short of clean and easy-to-use energy, especially electricity. Developing countries can bypass the centralized energy distribution system through a prop‐ er localized distributed energy system that can save a heavy infrastructure expenditure.

Typical examples of low-grade feedstock are biomass, wastes, low-grade coals, and petrole‐ um residues (petroleum coke and asphalt). They contain higher pollution-incurring compo‐ nents like sulfur and nitrogen and in a heterogeneous state with many contaminants as in

Biomass is regarded as carbon neutral, which should be a good feedstock in climate-con‐ scious society. Since biomass feedstock can be obtained in local areas especially in tropical and subtropical countries, most pragmatic route in securing electricity and clean gas for household or industries can come from gasification of biomass. Biomass that suits in gasifi‐ cation encompasses from wood chips, straw, rice husk, miscanthus, and leftover from oil

areas around the globe still lack a gas source and a sustainable supply of electricity.

cleaned in easier way than in liquid or in solid shape.

wastes, in addition to the inherent nature of low heating value.

	- **Section 4 Process Integration and Utilization 255**
