**2. MSW properties**

The design of a process for the management of MSW and the results for the economic evaluation and development of a feasible business plan require an introduction of the properties of MSW. Therefore, these are presented to support those who are performing such design and economic evaluations [2]. **Table 1** shows the density of various components such as some typical properties of the MSW of interest. **Table 1** also illustrates the typical moisture content with range for some specific properties of the MSW of interest. The typical values of elemental analysis and proximate analysis for some material of interest in MSW are also shown in **Table 1**. In the case of elemental analysis values for carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), and ash; and in the case of proximate analysis values for moisture, volatiles, fixed carbon, and ash are shown on a percentage of weight basis [3].

Another important factor for evaluating and designing the process of MSW is calorific value of the appeared materials. **Table 2** shows some standard calorific value of various materials generally found in MSW [5].


#### **Typical properties of uncompacted wastes (USA Data)-density**

#### **Typical moisture contents of wastes**

review [1]. This reference, called *Waste to Energy Conversion Technology*, introduces the theory behind gasification and pyrolysis and outlines the key differences between them and conventional combustion in Chapter 9, "Gasification and pyrolysis of MSW." This chapter also provides an overview of the types of products that can be made from gasification, and the applications of these products are presented. In addition, different types of gasification processes are addressed. However, it fails to discuss the properties of MSW, also gasification principles were not described in details into the chapter. Most importantly, environmental impacts of MSW gasification were not addressed in the chapter. Therefore, an up-to-date book chapter on gasification of MSW was much needed. To address this issue, an initiative was taken to write a book chapter on MSW gasification by assessing the present contents of MSW gasification by covering the properties of MSW, gasification mechanism, chemistry, operating conditions, gasification technologies, processes, recovery system, and most importantly by reviewing the environmental impacts of MSW gasification. The properties of MSW are discussed in Section 2. In Section 3, we discuss gasification principles such as the mechanism, chemistry (reactions), and operating parameters (equivalent ratio, temperature, residence time, cold gas efficiency, carbon conversion efficiency, tar content, etc.). Section 4 shows the MSW gasification technologies and processes, including plasma gasification, fixed-bed gasification, fluidized gasification, and worldwide plants of various types. Sections 5 and 6 describe energy recovery systems and environmental impacts of MSW gasification by reviewing available literatures and some case studies in recent practices and developments. Finally, a case study of a pilot-scale MSW gasification is introduced, which could be one of the most efficient pathways to utilize the technology to produce electricity with a newly developed gasification process

The design of a process for the management of MSW and the results for the economic evaluation and development of a feasible business plan require an introduction of the properties of MSW. Therefore, these are presented to support those who are performing such design and economic evaluations [2]. **Table 1** shows the density of various components such as some typical properties of the MSW of interest. **Table 1** also illustrates the typical moisture content with range for some specific properties of the MSW of interest. The typical values of elemental analysis and proximate analysis for some material of interest in MSW are also shown in **Table 1**. In the case of elemental analysis values for carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), and ash; and in the case of proximate analysis values for moisture, volatiles,

Another important factor for evaluating and designing the process of MSW is calorific value of the appeared materials. **Table 2** shows some standard calorific value of various materials

with reducing tar and pollutant emission in Korea.

fixed carbon, and ash are shown on a percentage of weight basis [3].

**2. MSW properties**

116 Gasification for Low-grade Feedstock

generally found in MSW [5].



**Table 1.** Physical properties of MSW [4].


**Table 2.** Calorific values of various materials [4].
