Author details

Muhammad Saghir<sup>1</sup> , Mohammad Rehan<sup>2</sup> and Abdul-Sattar Nizami<sup>2</sup> \*

\*Address all correspondence to: nizami\_pk@yahoo.com

1 European Bioenergy Research Institute (EBRI), Aston University, Birmingham, UK

2 Centre of Excellence in Environmental Studies (CEES), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

#### References


[4] Jambeck JR et al. Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean. Science. 2015;347(6223): 768-771

Products and Chemicals and Praxair have developed ionic transport based ceramic membranes driven by high process temperature. In an ideal environment, compressed air at 7– 20 Bar is heated in-situ to the gasifier where heat is applied from the gasifier to enable electronic conductivity and oxygen transport from high partial pressure atmosphere to lowpressure atmosphere. Oxygen production in this way will only require compressed air at moderate to low pressures, and the remaining energy is supplied from gasifier process heat

With increasing shift towards sustainable energy production, waste gasification is certainly providing multiple solutions such as sustainable waste management and clean energy production. In Europe, district heating schemes are now regularly powered by combined heating and power (CHP) plants. Therefore, gasification to steam cycle experienced a shift towards ultraclean syngas injection into CHP plant with heat recovery for district heating and cooling (DHC) systems. Moreover, there is a significant interest in high-temperature fuel cell applications of syngas with heat recovery after the emergence of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). As the carbon capture and storage is becoming high on the strategic agenda, the use of oxygen during gasification is becoming the norm. Therefore, emerging research into ceramic ionic transport membranes (ITM) to produce high purity oxygen for gasification at elevated temperature is

, Mohammad Rehan<sup>2</sup> and Abdul-Sattar Nizami<sup>2</sup>

2 Centre of Excellence in Environmental Studies (CEES), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah,

[1] Rehan M et al. Waste to biodiesel: A preliminary assessment for Saudi Arabia. Bioresource

[2] Hoornweg D, Bhada-Tata P. What a Waste: A Global Review of Solid Waste Management. Urban Development Series Knowledge Papers. World Bank. Report no. 15. March 2012

[3] ISWA: International Solid Waste Association. Austria: ISWA Report 2015; 2015. p. 37

1 European Bioenergy Research Institute (EBRI), Aston University, Birmingham, UK

\*

generated by exothermic reactions.

leading the way into the new market.

Technology. 2018;250:17-25

\*Address all correspondence to: nizami\_pk@yahoo.com

5. Conclusions

108 Gasification for Low-grade Feedstock

Author details

Muhammad Saghir<sup>1</sup>

Saudi Arabia

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**Chapter 7**

**Provisional chapter**

**Gasification of Municipal Solid Waste**

gasification process by reducing tar and pollutant emission.

**Keywords:** municipal solid waste, gasification, waste to energy

**Gasification of Municipal Solid Waste**

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.73685

Gasification of municipal solid waste (MSW) is an attractive alternative fuel production process for the treatment of solid waste as it has several potential benefits over traditional combustion of MSW. Syngas produced from the gasification of MSW can be utilized as a gas fuel being combusted in a conventional burner or in a gas engine to utilize the heat or produce electricity. Also, it can be used as a building block for producing valuable products such as chemicals and other forms of fuel energy. This book chapter covers the properties of MSW, gasification mechanism, chemistry, operating conditions, gasification technologies, processes, recovery system, and most importantly by reviewing the environmental impacts of MSW gasification. As one of recent advanced technologies, a case study of pilot-scale MSW gasification is introduced, which could be one of the most efficient pathways to utilize the technology to produce electricity with a newly developed

Gasification of municipal solid waste (MSW) is an attractive alternative fuel production process for the treatment of solid waste as it has several potential benefits over traditional combustion of MSW. The so-called "syngas" obtained by gasification has several applications. It can be utilized as a gas fuel being combusted in a conventional burner or in a gas engine and then connected to a boiler and a steam turbine or gas turbine to utilize the heat or produce electricity. Also, it can be used as a building block for producing valuable products such as chemicals and other forms of fuel energy, as discussed in the following literature

> © 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Yong-Chil Seo, Md Tanvir Alam and

Yong-Chil Seo, Md Tanvir Alam and

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.73685

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Won-Seok Yang

**Abstract**

**1. Introduction**

Won-Seok Yang

#### **Chapter 7 Provisional chapter**

#### **Gasification of Municipal Solid Waste Gasification of Municipal Solid Waste**

Yong-Chil Seo, Md Tanvir Alam and Won-Seok Yang Yong-Chil Seo, Md Tanvir Alam and Won-Seok Yang

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.73685

#### **Abstract**

Gasification of municipal solid waste (MSW) is an attractive alternative fuel production process for the treatment of solid waste as it has several potential benefits over traditional combustion of MSW. Syngas produced from the gasification of MSW can be utilized as a gas fuel being combusted in a conventional burner or in a gas engine to utilize the heat or produce electricity. Also, it can be used as a building block for producing valuable products such as chemicals and other forms of fuel energy. This book chapter covers the properties of MSW, gasification mechanism, chemistry, operating conditions, gasification technologies, processes, recovery system, and most importantly by reviewing the environmental impacts of MSW gasification. As one of recent advanced technologies, a case study of pilot-scale MSW gasification is introduced, which could be one of the most efficient pathways to utilize the technology to produce electricity with a newly developed gasification process by reducing tar and pollutant emission.

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.73685

**Keywords:** municipal solid waste, gasification, waste to energy

#### **1. Introduction**

Gasification of municipal solid waste (MSW) is an attractive alternative fuel production process for the treatment of solid waste as it has several potential benefits over traditional combustion of MSW. The so-called "syngas" obtained by gasification has several applications. It can be utilized as a gas fuel being combusted in a conventional burner or in a gas engine and then connected to a boiler and a steam turbine or gas turbine to utilize the heat or produce electricity. Also, it can be used as a building block for producing valuable products such as chemicals and other forms of fuel energy, as discussed in the following literature

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

review [1]. This reference, called *Waste to Energy Conversion Technology*, introduces the theory behind gasification and pyrolysis and outlines the key differences between them and conventional combustion in Chapter 9, "Gasification and pyrolysis of MSW." This chapter also provides an overview of the types of products that can be made from gasification, and the applications of these products are presented. In addition, different types of gasification processes are addressed. However, it fails to discuss the properties of MSW, also gasification principles were not described in details into the chapter. Most importantly, environmental impacts of MSW gasification were not addressed in the chapter. Therefore, an up-to-date book chapter on gasification of MSW was much needed. To address this issue, an initiative was taken to write a book chapter on MSW gasification by assessing the present contents of MSW gasification by covering the properties of MSW, gasification mechanism, chemistry, operating conditions, gasification technologies, processes, recovery system, and most importantly by reviewing the environmental impacts of MSW gasification. The properties of MSW are discussed in Section 2. In Section 3, we discuss gasification principles such as the mechanism, chemistry (reactions), and operating parameters (equivalent ratio, temperature, residence time, cold gas efficiency, carbon conversion efficiency, tar content, etc.). Section 4 shows the MSW gasification technologies and processes, including plasma gasification, fixed-bed gasification, fluidized gasification, and worldwide plants of various types. Sections 5 and 6 describe energy recovery systems and environmental impacts of MSW gasification by reviewing available literatures and some case studies in recent practices and developments. Finally, a case study of a pilot-scale MSW gasification is introduced, which could be one of the most efficient pathways to utilize the technology to produce electricity with a newly developed gasification process with reducing tar and pollutant emission in Korea.

**Typical properties of uncompacted wastes (USA Data)-density**

**Residential Range Typical** Food wastes (mixed) 50–80 70 Paper 4–10 6 Plastics 1–4 2 Yard wastes 30–80 60 Glass 1–4 2

Food wastes 288 Paper 81.7 Plastics 64 Garden trimmings 104 Glass 194 Ferrous metal 320

**Typical moisture contents of wastes**

**Typical proximate analysis values (% by weight)**

**Typical elemental analysis (% by weight):**

**Table 1.** Physical properties of MSW [4].

**Density (kg/m3**

**)**

Gasification of Municipal Solid Waste http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.73685 117

**Moisture content (wt.%)**

**Type of waste Moisture Volatiles Carbon Ash** Mixed food 70.0 21.4 3.6 5.0 Mixed paper 10.2 75.9 8.4 5.4 Mixed plastics 0.2 95.8 2.0 2.0 Yard wastes 60.0 30.0 9.5 0.5 Glass 2.0 — — 96–99 Residential MSW 21.0 52.0 7.0 20.0

**Type of waste C H O N S Ash** Mixed food 73.0 11.5 14.8 0.4 0.1 0.2 Mixed paper 43.3 5.8 44.3 0.3 0.2 6.0 Mixed plastics 60.0 7.2 22.8 — — 10.0 Yard wastes 46.0 6.0 38.0 3.4 0.3 6.3 Refuse derived fuel 44.7 6.2 38.4 0.7 <0.1 9.9
