**6. Anti-inflammatory compounds**

Marine organisms and microorganisms have provided a large proportion of the anti-inflammatory and natural antioxidants products over the last years. Reports suggest that marine invertebrates represent new marine resources for the isolation of novel agents which are active on inflammatory conditions have also been found in the literature. Herencia and coworkers [156] studied the effects of dichloromethane and methanol extracts from some Mediterranean marine invertebrates on carrageenan-induced paw edema in mice. Extracts partially decreased elastase activity and PGE2 levels measured in homogenates from inflamed paws, without affecting the levels of this prostanoid present in stomach homogenates. Within the framework of the European MAST III Project, extracts of different polarity from sponges, ascidians and cnidarians have been screened for immunomodulating activities [157]. It was demonstrated that endotoxin-free samples of marine origin possess effects on certain components of the immune system. As a result of all these investigations, bioassay-directed separation of active extracts identified many structurally diverse compounds as future leads. Anti-inflammatory compounds found in the marine environment include terpenes and steroids, alkaloids, peptides and proteins, polysaccharides and others. Examples of anti-inflammatory compounds marine sponge origin are presented in **Table 5**. Also includes diterpenes of (8*E*, 13*Z*, 20*Z*)-strobilinin and (7*E*, 13*Z*, 20*Z*) felixinin from a marine sponge *Psammocinia* sp. [158], and novel anti-inflammatory spongian diterpenes from the New Zealand marine sponge *Chelonaplysill aviolacea* [159].

**7. Marine sponge-derived compounds with enzyme inhibitory activity**

Alkaloids *X. testudinaria* Hymenialdisine Inhibitor of NF-КB and ILs production [182]

*Hyrtios* sp. Puupehenone, hyrtenone A high potency against 12-human, 15-human and

Steroids *C. lissosdera* Clathriol *In vitro* anti-inflammatory activity against human

*Euryspongia* spp. Petrosterol, 3β-hydroxy-26-*nor*campest-5-en-25 oic acid

*C. linteiformis* Cyclolinteinone iNOS and COX-2 protein expression in LPS-stimulated

15-soybean LOX

J774 macrophages

neutrophil and rat mast cells

Against 6-keto-PGF1α release in a human keratinocyte

*Callyspongia* spp. Akaterpin Inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol-specific Phospholipase C [179]

cell line HaCaT

*Agelas* spp. Nagelamides A-H NF-КB in inflammatory diseases [183] *S. flabellate* Stylissadines A-B Antiinflammatory activity [184]

**Categories species Active agents Anti-inflammatory tests References** Terpenoids *F. cavernosa* Cavernolide TNF-α, NO and PGE2 production [160]

*Axinella* spp. 6-Cycloamphilectenes NO, PGE2 and TNF-α production [161]

*Psammocinia* spp. Chromarols A-E Inhibition of 15-LOX [162]

*C. violacea* Spongian Anti-inflammatory [163] *D. avara* Avarol, avarone, Inhibition of eicosanoid release [164]

*Dysidea* spp. Dysidotronic acid Inhibited production of TNF-α, IL-1 PGE2, and LTB4 [166] *Plakortis* spp. Plakolide A Inhibit iNOS [167] *D. elegans* Cymopol DNA binding of NF-КB [168] *L. variabilis* Manoalide, scalaradial Inhibited IL-1 and TNF-α [169] *F. cavernosa* Cacospongiolide B Inhibited PLA2 [170] *Dysidea* spp Dysidenones A-B Inhibited human synovial PLA2 [171] *L. variabilis* Cladocorans A-B Inhibition of secretory PLA2 [172] *P. nigra* Petrosa spongiolides Inhibitor of PLA2 [173] *P. nigra* Petrosa spongiolide M Inhibited LTB4 levels [174] *Cacospongia* spp. Scalaradial Inactivate the enzyme PLA2 [175] *G. sedna* Homoscalarane Moderate activity to inhibit mammalian PLA2 [176]

*Psammocinia* spp. (8*E*, 13*Z*, 20*Z*)-strobilinin Anti-inflammatory

2-Cycloamphilectenes Inhibit NF-КB pathway [161]

Biological and Medicinal Importance of Sponge http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.73529 211

(7*E*, 13*Z*, 20*Z*)-felixinin Anti-inflammatory [158]

Spongiaquinone, ilimaquinone and depression of superoxide generation [165]

tioned above. Compound xestoquinone inhibited both Ca2+ and K<sup>+</sup>

**Table 5.** Anti-inflammatory compounds from marine sponges and their effects.

Derivatives of halenaquinone and xestoquinone showed various enzyme inhibitory activities besides the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and topoisomerase I and II inhibitory activities men-

myosin [185]. SAR Investigations showed that halenaquinone and three synthetic analogs with a quinone structure significantly inhibited Ca2+ ATPase activity. In contrast, four xestoquinone


[177]

[178]

[180]

[181]


**Table 5.** Anti-inflammatory compounds from marine sponges and their effects.

**6. Anti-inflammatory compounds**

**Table 4.** Antifungal compounds from marine sponges and their effects.

Marine organisms and microorganisms have provided a large proportion of the anti-inflammatory and natural antioxidants products over the last years. Reports suggest that marine invertebrates represent new marine resources for the isolation of novel agents which are active on inflammatory conditions have also been found in the literature. Herencia and coworkers [156] studied the effects of dichloromethane and methanol extracts from some Mediterranean marine invertebrates on carrageenan-induced paw edema in mice. Extracts partially decreased elastase activity and PGE2 levels measured in homogenates from inflamed paws, without affecting the levels of this prostanoid present in stomach homogenates. Within the framework of the European MAST III Project, extracts of different polarity from sponges, ascidians and cnidarians have been screened for immunomodulating activities [157]. It was demonstrated that endotoxin-free samples of marine origin possess effects on certain components of the immune system. As a result of all these investigations, bioassay-directed separation of active extracts identified many structurally diverse compounds as future leads. Anti-inflammatory compounds found in the marine environment include terpenes and steroids, alkaloids, peptides and proteins, polysaccharides and others. Examples of anti-inflammatory compounds marine sponge origin are presented in **Table 5**. Also includes diterpenes of (8*E*, 13*Z*, 20*Z*)-strobilinin and (7*E*, 13*Z*, 20*Z*) felixinin from a marine sponge *Psammocinia* sp. [158], and novel anti-inflammatory spongian

*H. communis* (−)-Untenospongin B *C. albicans, C. tropicalis*,

*H. lachne* Hippolachnin A *C. neoformans, T. rubrum, M.* 

**Categories species Active agents Antifungal tests References**

Crambescin A2 406 *C. neoformans var. gattii,* Crambescin A2 420 *C. glabrata, C. krusei*

Sponge Theonellamides Antifungal [144] *Melophlus* sp. Aurantoside K *C. albicans* (wild-type) [145] *P. halichondrioides* Plakortide F *C. albicans*, *C. neoformans*, *A.* 

*H. viscosa* Haliscosamine *C. neoformans, C. albicans* [147]

*P. onkodes* Two α and β1,2-dioxolane peroxide acids *C. albicans* [149] *T. laevispirulifer* Nematocide, onnamide F *S. cerevisiae* [150] *T. swinhoei* Swinhoeiamide A *C. albicans*, *A. fumigates* [151] Family *Neopeltidae* Neopeltolide *C. albicans* [152] Plakinastrella Epiplakinic acid F *C. albicans* [153]

Sch 575948 [143]

*fumigatus*

*F. oxysporum*

*gypseum*

*Aspergillus* [148]

[146]

[154]

[155]

**Miscellaneous** *P. reticulate* Crambescin A2 392 *C. albicans*

210 Biological Resources of Water

*D. herbacea* 3,5-Dibromo-2-(3,5-dibromo-2-

methoxyphenoxy) phenol

diterpenes from the New Zealand marine sponge *Chelonaplysill aviolacea* [159].
