Contents

#### **Preface XI**



Chapter 5 **Ice Age Terrestrial and Freshwater Gastropod Refugia in the Carpathian Basin, Central Europe 93** Pál Sümegi, Sándor Gulyás, Dávid Molnár, Katalin Náfrádi, Tünde Törőcsik, Balázs P. Sümegi, Tamás Müller, Gábor Szilágyi and Zoltán Varga

Chapter 6 **Biodiversity of Gastropod in the Southeastern Gulf of California, Mexico 119** Ruth Escamilla-Montes, Salvador Granados-Alcantar, Genaro Diarte-Plata, Paúl de J. Pacheco-Heredia, Juan A. Gill-León, Antonio Luna-González, Jesús A. Fierro-Coronado, Píndaro Álvarez-Ruíz, Héctor M. Esparza-Leal and Wenceslao Valenzuela-Quiñonez

Chapter 7 **Marine Snails of the Genus Phorcus: Biology and Ecology of Sentinel Species for Human Impacts on the Rocky Shores 141** Ricardo Sousa, João Delgado, José A. González, Mafalda Freitas and Paulo Henriques

Chapter 8 **Freshwater Crustaceans Decadpos: An Important Resource of Guatemala 169** Juan Carlos Tejeda-Mazariegos, Luis Manuel Mejía Ortíz, Marilú López-Mejía, Keith A. Crandall, Marcos Pérez-Losada and Oscar Frausto-Martínez

Preface

Growth of human civilisation, from time immemorial, depended largely on biological re‐ sources. Ancient humans understood the significance of biological resources needed for their survival and perpetuation. Hunter-gatherer mode of life of many primitive societies relied on forest and river resources for alleviation of hunger. They derived nutrition from such sources that are thought to influence their general biological traits like physical and mental development, reproduction, migration and immunity. Problem related to its steady and uni‐ form availability pushed these societies towards farming, agriculture and fishery. The earli‐ est form of fishery dealt with hunting and trapping of aquatic species with or without tools and fishing devices. This primitive form of capture fishery was later developed into a sys‐ tematic culture of aquatic species ensuring larger and definitive harvestation. The practice of primitive fishing technologies and gears among some of the primitive tribes indicates their traditional dependence over aquatic bioresource. Archaeologists unearthed an oyster shell mound among debris near the banks of a river at modern-day Maryland, which is thought to be an early human settlement in the USA. Shellfish like oysters were important dietary re‐ source in the early riverside settlement. Biological resources of water, which include fish, oyster, mussel, crab, prawn, octopus, sponge and plant species among others, bear dietary, nutritional, pharmaceutical, ecological and economical significance and prospect. Many of the biological resources of water are either edible or act as a source of ethnomedicine and contribute greatly on global economics related to aquaculture. However, the basics of biolo‐ gy, ecology and taxonomy of many aquatic species are yet to be investigated thoroughly. Deterioration of air and water quality associated with habitat destruction has been identified as a major ecological threat for the aquatic flora and fauna with resource potential. This sit‐

uation has been worsened in recent years under the backdrop of climate change.

Issues related to rational utilisation, conservation and access to the aquatic bioresources are linked with sustainable resource management and honouring the common natural property right of the masses of many underdeveloped and developing countries. In this book, with two sections, issues concerning biology, ecology, physiology, genetic characterisation, con‐ servation and management of the aquatic bioresources have been discussed with supportive scientific data. It will provide a holistic view of the past and present status of the important biological resources of high ecological and economic values. In Section 1, entitled "Biology, Ecology and Physiological Chemistry", the authors discuss the pivotal issues related to biol‐ ogy, diversity and molecular physiology of the established biological resources of water. Molecular physiology of egg-laying in cuttlefish, an important biological resource of marine ecosystem, is discussed. The authors highlight the significance of chemical communication in the process of egg aggregation. Molecular orchestration of neuropeptides involved in en‐ vironmental cue integration, ovarian regulatory peptides and sex pheromones is explained.


Chapter 14 **Closed Aquaculture System: Zero Water Discharge for Shrimp and Prawn Farming in Indonesia 297** Gede Suantika, Magdalena Lenny Situmorang, Pingkan Aditiawati, Dea Indriani Astuti, Fahma Fiqhiyyah Nur Azizah and Harish Muhammad
