**2.1. Materials**

of carcinogenic or mutagenic compounds [5–7]. Several azo dyes have been described to lead human bladder cancer, splenic sarcomas, and hepatocarcinoma, because azo dye reduction in the intestinal tract release aromatic amines which are absorbed by the intestine and excreted in the urine [8]. The acute toxicity of azo dyes, with respect to the criteria of the European Union for the sorting of unsafe substances, is low and the values of LD50 are

The textile dyes can be removed by using physical, chemical, and biological methods [11]. Nevertheless, most of these methods, which simply accumulate or concentrate the dyes, and trigger secondary contamination, resulted in the extreme usage of chemical materials [11, 12]. Because of nanoparticles' features arising from size effect, nanotechnology has emerged in many scientific and industrial fields [13, 14]. It involves studies of measurement, modeling, and manipulation of substance in nanoscale. Nanoremediation is economic and has improved overall efficiency of fragmentation process. Potential catalytic activity of Au, Ag, Pd, Mg, Cu, Zn, and Fe nanoparticles have been reported for degradation of some aqueous cationic and anionic dyes [14–18]. Researchers studied degradation of Methyl Orange, Sunset Yellow, Acid Blue A azo dyes using zero valent iron nanoparticles (NZVI) with diameters between 20 and 110 nm. Methyl Orange, Sunset Yellow, Acid Red A were removed using solution prepared

However, nanoparticles are left in the ecosystem after their use in the removal of environmental contaminants. Thus, nanoparticles immobilized on a support material are to the fore for environmental remediation [20, 21]. LS is eco-friendly, cost effective, easy to use matrix material successfully used as a biotechnological tool for variety of systems, purposes and applications. LS immobilized cell systems have efficiently studied toward biofilm development for remediation of domestic and industrial wastewater containing toxic metal, paint, chlorinated compounds [22, 32].

dase enzymes from *Euphorbia amygdaloides* with green synthesis method. Membrane forms have been created by immobilizing the obtained nanoparticles on LS support material. Carcinogenic DB15 azo dye was used to evaluate effectiveness of ones to remove dye (molecular structure of DB15 shown in **Figure 1**). Optimum contact time, pH, temperature, and concentration of dye were analyzed using UV-visible spectrometry. The resulting adsorbents (LS-pure, LS-ZnO,

nanoparticles were obtained by catalyzing using purified peroxi-

250–2000 mg/kg body weight [9, 10].

208 Iron Ores and Iron Oxide Materials

In this study, ZnO and Fe<sup>3</sup>

**Figure 1.** Molecular structure of DB15.

with 2 g NZVI rate of 79.9, 98.9, and 98.8, respectively [19].

O4

Direct Blue 15 (CAS no: 2429-74-5), FeCl2 , ZnCI2 , and other chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Euphorbia (*Euphorbia amygdaloides*) was collected from near the town of Hasankale of Erzurum. Also, LS which is fruit of *Luffa cylindrica* was obtained from a local point of spices sale in Erzurum, Turkey, and they were identified with the helping of taxonomists. All solutions were made in deionized water.

#### **2.2. Green synthesis of Fe3 O4 and ZnO nanoparticles**
