Preface

**Section 5 Earth Study With Space Technology Advances - Research of**

Chapter 6 **The Use of MODIS Images to Quantify the Energy Balance in**

Chapter 7 **Earth Observation for Urban Climate Monitoring: Surface Cover**

Chapter 8 **Pre-earthquake Anomaly Detection and Assessment through**

**8-OLI Imageries: Case of Gorkha and Imphal 149** Biswajit Nath, Zheng Niu and Shukla Acharjee

**Section 8 Earth Observation with Use of Space Technology 173**

Chapter 10 **Multi-purposeful Application of Geospatial Data 193**

Chapter 9 **Optimization of an Earth Observation Data Processing and**

Jonathan Becedas, María del Mar Núñez and David González

Chattopadhyay Nabansu, Chandras Swati and Tidke Nivedita

**Lineament Changes Observation Using Multi-temporal Landsat**

Antônio Heriberto de Castro Teixeira, Janice F. Leivas, Carlos C.

**Different Agroecosystems in Brazil 105**

Ronquim and Gustavo Bayma-Silva

**and Land Surface Temperature 125** Zina Mitraka and Nektarios Chrysoulakis

**Section 7 Space Technology in Natural Disaster 147**

**Distribution System 175**

**Section 6 Space Technology in Environment 123**

**Natural Resources 103**

**VI** Contents

Up-to-date advances in space technology play a vital role in our daily lives. Undoubtedly, the use of a remote sensing method with further Geographic Information System (GIS) de‐ velopment as the final product of the image processing stage is driven by user needs. The fact is that the capabilities of GIS to integrate digital information into combined databases and to provide fundamental and advanced data analysis as well as visualization techniques has led to the larger application of GIS in wider spheres. There is no doubt that GIS is an excellent data source for government authorities at the decision-making stage in different areas of engineering, construction, and scientific research activities.

Today, GIS applications and uses are a convenient way for GIS to store data in digital data‐ base form and then represent it visually in a mapped hardware format. It makes the use of maps easier because final processing can communicate through Google Maps, Bing Maps, Yahoo Maps, etc.

GIS has an important place in planning and decision making for telecom industries. It ena‐ bles wireless telecommunication development and management for the integration of geo‐ graphic data into the network system design, process optimization, and any other required actions necessary for normal function and operation.

The demand of today's circumstances is to measure and assess human, technological, and other impacts that provide negative influences to Earth's ecological conditions and environ‐ ments. There are a huge number of human activities that produce potential adverse ecological/ environmental effects, which include the construction and operation of highways, railroads, pipelines, airports, radioactive waste disposal, and many others. The performance of GIS tech‐ nology by integrating various GIS layers and by assessing natural features is the way to ach‐ ieve specific information on the scale and characteristics of environmental impacts.

Natural disasters need to be controlled for the safety of human life and the protection of property. It is important to manage and mitigate natural disaster processes to minimize their consequences. Today, modern GIS technology developments are used to protect natu‐ ral disaster impacts. GIS helps to assess and estimate risk and develop risk management sys‐ tems with further diversification of natural or manmade disasters. It is the way to successfully implement preventive and protective actions, which can be executed by using GIS technological advances.

One common natural disaster is the hazardous landslide, which can be successfully moni‐ tored by a remote sensing method with further GIS development. It is the method that accu‐ rately divides landslide areas into zones. The evaluation of a landslide hazard is a complex task due to the collection, manipulation, and integration of spatial data into various geologi‐ cal, structural, surface cover, and slope characteristic information systems of the selected area for further hazard zonation. With the support of GIS it gives the opportunity to provide risk assessment and reduce losses of human life and property.

Undoubtedly, flood damage prediction, forecasting, and estimation by using GIS technolo‐ gy advances the impact of achieving high accuracy. This achievement helps state authori‐ ties to take action when there is the threat of a natural flood. By delivering information resources to government representatives within flood risk areas, flood level potential in the surrounding area can be evaluated, making it possible to estimate and assess the conse‐ quencies of flood damage.

A GIS application in agriculture can observe and collect data regarding land cover/land use for the assessment of effective and efficient utilization of land by farmers, as well as success‐ ful management of agriculture activities. It contains such activities as analysis of soil data and what needs to be done to maintain high productivity of agricultural products. In the meantime, it can reveal sudden changes in land use/land cover caused by drought or defor‐ estation, for example.

Space technology applications in navigation encourage the selection of the route and the scheduling of time for a selected destination. Today, Global Positioning Systems (GPS) are available to safely navigate waterways.

This book covers the above-mentioned areas of space technology application. It has brought together advances in space technology with the aim of applying geospatial data applications to Earth studies.

We encourage the interest of our potential readers in this book.

**Rustam B. Rustamov** Institute of Physics of the Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences Azerbaijan

**Sabina Hasanova** BP (British Petroleum) South Caucasus Pipeline Expansion Project Azerbaijan

> **Mahfuza H. Zeynalova** Museum of History of Azerbaijan Azerbaijan

**Section 1**

**Satellite Instrumentation Development**

**Satellite Instrumentation Development**

cal, structural, surface cover, and slope characteristic information systems of the selected area for further hazard zonation. With the support of GIS it gives the opportunity to provide

Undoubtedly, flood damage prediction, forecasting, and estimation by using GIS technolo‐ gy advances the impact of achieving high accuracy. This achievement helps state authori‐ ties to take action when there is the threat of a natural flood. By delivering information resources to government representatives within flood risk areas, flood level potential in the surrounding area can be evaluated, making it possible to estimate and assess the conse‐

A GIS application in agriculture can observe and collect data regarding land cover/land use for the assessment of effective and efficient utilization of land by farmers, as well as success‐ ful management of agriculture activities. It contains such activities as analysis of soil data and what needs to be done to maintain high productivity of agricultural products. In the meantime, it can reveal sudden changes in land use/land cover caused by drought or defor‐

Space technology applications in navigation encourage the selection of the route and the scheduling of time for a selected destination. Today, Global Positioning Systems (GPS) are

This book covers the above-mentioned areas of space technology application. It has brought together advances in space technology with the aim of applying geospatial data applications

Institute of Physics of the Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences

BP (British Petroleum) South Caucasus Pipeline Expansion Project

**Rustam B. Rustamov**

**Sabina Hasanova**

**Mahfuza H. Zeynalova**

Museum of History of Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan

risk assessment and reduce losses of human life and property.

We encourage the interest of our potential readers in this book.

quencies of flood damage.

VIII Preface

estation, for example.

to Earth studies.

available to safely navigate waterways.

**Chapter 1**

**Provisional chapter**

**Introduction to Navigation Systems**

**Introduction to Navigation Systems**

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.71047

Navigation is the method for determining position, speed, and direction of the object. That is mainly classified into two groups: physical model-based methods (PMMs) and external data-based methods (EDMs). Examples of PMMs are inertial navigation systems (INS) and dead-reckoning navigation. They determine the existing position of an object by measuring various changes in its state, such as velocity and acceleration. Representative EDMs is the global navigation satellite system (GNSS). In the case of spacecraft, auxiliary navigation systems using data compression were proposed. In the case of low earth orbit satellites, the deviations between nominal and real orbit are compressed in the form of Fourier coefficients by using the periodic characteristics of the trajectory. In the event of Deep space explorer, B-spline based orbit compression and transmission was proposed.

**Keywords:** navigation, GNSS, INS, B-spline, data compression

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter

© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution,

© 2018 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,

distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Navigation refers to the method of determining aspects such as position, speed, and direction during travel. In the pre-modern era, direction and position were determined using an altazimuth, a compass, and a map; these are now considered primitive forms of navigation. As a result of modern developments in science and technology, exact positions and speeds are determined using equipment such as artificial satellites, global navigation satellite system (GNSS), inertial navigation systems (INS), etc. In the modern sense, navigation is mechanical

Navigation is classified into two categories in this study: physical model-based methods (PMMs) and external data-based methods (EDMs). Examples of PMMs are inertial navigation systems (INS) and dead-reckoning navigation. They determine the existing position of an object by measuring various changes in its state, such as velocity and acceleration. The global

devices equipped in ground vehicles, ships, and aircraft to determine their positions.

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.71047

Junghyun Lee

**Abstract**

**1. Introduction**

Junghyun Lee

**Provisional chapter**
