**Part 3**

**Prevention and Treatment of AIDS-Related Diseases** 

10 Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH

76 Global View of HIV Infection

[23] Sarang A, Rhodes T, Platt L, Kirzhanova, V, Shelkovnikova O, Volnov V, Blagovo D, Rylkov A. Drug injecting and syringe use in the HIV risk environment of Russian

[25] United Nations Office On Drugs and Crime (UNODC). HIV/AIDS prevention and care for female injecting drug users. http://www.unodc.org/pdf/HIV-AIDS\_femaleIDUs

[27] van den Driessche P, Watmough J. Reproduction numbers and sub-threshold endemic equilibria for the compartmental models of disease transmission. *Math Biosci* 180: 29-48,

penitentiary institutions: qualitative study. *Addiction* 101(12): 1787-1796, 2006. [24] United Nations Office On Drugs and Crime (UNODC). Women and HIV in prison settings. http://www.unodc.org/documents/hiv-aids/Women and HIV in prison

[26] UNAIDS. AIDS Epidemic Update. Geneva, UNAIDS, 2006.

settings.pdf, 2008.

\_Aug06.pdf, 2006.

2002.

**5** 

**Individuals with HIV/AIDS: Clinical** 

Ranjitha Krishna, Saiprasad Zemse and Scott Derossi *Georgia Health Sciences University, College of Dental Medicine* 

Oral lesions are very common in individuals with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection and AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome). They are reported to occur in 50% of people infected with HIV and in about 80% of people diagnosed with AIDS (Palmer, et al., 1996). Introduction of HAART (highly active anti-retroviral therapy) in 1996 has reduced the mortality and morbidity in people affected with HIV and AIDS as well as improved their quality of life. It has also resulted in a decrease, to a certain extent, in the

Since HIV infection was first diagnosed in 1981, a variety of oral lesions has been associated with infected individuals, and they can be good indicators of the disease in otherwise healthy people. Oral lesions can also help determine the progression of the disease. In developed countries, CD4 lymphocyte counts and HIV viral load are the two main laboratory markers that are used to determine disease progression. However, in certain developing countries, people do not always have access to these tests, and severity of the

Table 1 highlights the importance of diagnosing and treating oral lesions in individuals with

5. Used in staging and classification of HIV diseases as determinants of opportunistic

The EC-Clearinghouse on oral problems related to HIV infection and WHO Collaborating Centre on Oral manifestations of the immunodeficiency virus proposed the classification of oral manifestations of HIV infection in September of 1992 based on their strength of

1. Can help diagnose the presence of HIV infection in otherwise healthy individuals

**1. Introduction** 

incidence and prevalence of oral lesions.

HIV (Coogan, et al., 2005)

2. Develop early in an infection

4. Entry and end-points in vaccine trials

infection and anti-HIV therapy

oral lesions can serve as good indicators of disease progression.

3. Help determine the progression of HIV infection to AIDS

Table 1. Importance of oral manifestations of HIV disease

**1.1 Classification of oral lesions associated with HIV** 

**Manifestations in the Oral Cavity** 

**in the Post-HAART Era** 

*United States of America* 
