**Part 2**

**HIV Transmission** 

40 Global View of HIV Infection

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**3** 

*1UK 2Nigeria* 

Goselle Obed Nanjul1, 2

*1School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University* 

**Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transmission** 

*2Applied Entomology and Parasitology Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Jos,* 

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the causative organism of AIDS which has become one of the greatest public health challenges faced by mankind. AIDS was first identified in 1981 in Los Angeles, USA. Two types of HIV exist presently- HIV-1 and HIV-2 (Alizon et al., 2010; Adoga et al., 2010). HIV-1 was first isolated in the early 1980s (Barre-Sinoussi et al., 1983) and linked as causative agent of AIDS (Gallo et al., 1984). HIV-2 which is similar to HIV-1 was later identified in the developing world (Clavel, 1987, Clavel et al., 1986), but found to be less virulent and can differ in its response to antiretroviral agents. HIV-1 is classified into three groups [M, N and O] based on the genetic diversity. Group M (major) has 10 subtypes (A-J), and Group O (outlier) represents a number of highly divergent strains (Carr et al., 1998; Jassens et al., 1997 Chen et al., 2010). Francois Simon and his group reported a group N of HIV-1. Despite the phenotypic classification of HIV-1 into subtypes, the number of sequenced isolates remains limited (Sharp et al., 1994). Both strains are spread in the same way and have the same AIDS causing consequences. While HIV-1 has been reported to have a shorter incubation period of 7-10years, HIV-2 is considerably

HIV infection is usually followed by a chronic progressive destruction of the immune and neurologic system (Price, 1996), which if not managed leads to the possible invasion and establishment of multiple opportunistic infections.( Lindo et al., 1998; Pozio et al., 1997) and malignancy (Schulz et al., 1996). Although on average, an infected individual spends several years without manifesting the disease, AIDS has always been certain. The time from infection to AIDS varies widely between individuals, from a few months to as many as 20 years with existing evidences accepting that 50% of individuals progress to AIDS in 7-10years and this has been accepted as the incubation period of the virus (Del Amo et al., 1998; WHO, 1994).

The concentration of virus in a body fluid and the extent of exposure to body fluids determine to a great extent the transmission of a virus. Jaffe and McMahon-Pratt (1983) first indicated in their Epidemiological studies conducted in 1981 and 1982 that the major channel of transmission of AIDS were intimate sexual contact and contaminated blood. Gottlieb et al (1981); Masur et al (1981); Siegal et al (1981); Callazos et al (2010); van

longer and often less severe (Barre-Sinoussi, 1996; WHO, 1989).

**2. Portals of HIV transmission** 

**1. Introduction** 
