**9. Identification, control and management**

It is possible to identify the genus *Fusarium* by several methods. On culturing, hyaline, bananashaped and multicellular macroconidia are very common; however, to identify them at the species level is not easy. Therefore, molecular methods are needed. Some of the most commonly used molecular methods are the genus-specific PCR, 28 s rRNA gene sequencing, sequencebased PCR, multiplex tandem PCR and automated repetitive sequence-based PCR [54].

As a biological control, Ben Amira et al. [55] showed that when *Trichoderma harzianum* was co-cultured with *F. solani*, the former happened to have an antagonistic effect *in-vitro*. Then, they repeated this experiment by inoculating olive tree roots with the same *T. harzianum* and *F.* solani combination. They reported that the former showed a mycoparasitic reaction and antagonistic effects on *F. solani*. Therefore, mycoparasitic fungi, such as *T. harzianum* may be used as a biocontrol agent against *Fusarium*.

Notably, agricultural and chemical precautions cannot be completely successful in preventing *Fusarium-*related diseases in plants [56]. Therefore, synthetic fungicides are not a true approach for preventing the *Fusarium*-related diseases due to their harmful effects on the ecosystem and environment, and growing disease-resistant species to combat *Fusarium-*related diseases seems a more sustainable approach. Resolving the concern of plant diseases caused by *Fusarium* using biological control methods seems to be a more efficient and eco-friendly approach for agricultural products.
