3. Selected applications in tabular form

Thus, values of RSD<sup>2</sup>

120 Quality Control in Laboratory

determination of quinine in tonic water.

can set R ¼ 1 in all cases.

As can be seen in Eq. (20), the value of RSD<sup>2</sup>

above, we can neglect the contribution u<sup>2</sup>

concentration of the assay of Ccal <sup>¼</sup> <sup>617</sup>:43�13:<sup>67</sup>

<sup>3</sup> <sup>¼</sup> <sup>4</sup>:<sup>38</sup> � <sup>10</sup>�<sup>5</sup>

¼ 0:00097

relð Þþ Ccal <sup>u</sup><sup>2</sup>

counting, gives u Cð Þ¼ cal <sup>10</sup>�<sup>3</sup> and <sup>u</sup><sup>2</sup>

RSD<sup>2</sup>

prec <sup>¼</sup> <sup>1</sup>:31�10�<sup>4</sup>

u2

relð Þ¼ <sup>Z</sup> <sup>u</sup><sup>2</sup>

bution, we get

precision for the determined quinine concentration is taken as RSD<sup>2</sup>

value in Table 4 in order to estimate the corresponding RSD<sup>2</sup>

concentration of Schweppes tonic water sample is Z ¼ 77 � 5ppm.

relð Þþ Ci <sup>u</sup><sup>2</sup>

IP and u<sup>2</sup>

Nominal concentration (T, mg/L quinine) x RSD<sup>2</sup>

cantly different from unity for each spiked placebo:

relð Þ R are obtained for each spiked placebo. These data are

IP <sup>R</sup> <sup>u</sup><sup>2</sup>

relð Þ R

relð Þ R and accordingly, as it was indicated

. The concentration of quinine in the

IP <sup>¼</sup> <sup>1</sup>:<sup>31</sup> � <sup>10</sup>�<sup>4</sup> that leads to

<sup>m</sup> (here, m = 3).

relð Þ R in the uncertainty budget. The value of relative

<sup>784</sup>:<sup>76</sup> ¼ 0:76936. Accordingly, the value of calibration

. Then, by applying Eq. (16), disregarding the recovery contri-

prec

relð Þþ <sup>V</sup><sup>0</sup> RSD<sup>2</sup>

prec <sup>¼</sup> RSD<sup>2</sup> IP

presented in Table 4. A significance test has been used to evaluate if the recovery is signifi-

<sup>66</sup> <sup>66</sup>:<sup>38</sup> <sup>1</sup>:<sup>65</sup> � <sup>10</sup>�<sup>4</sup> <sup>1</sup>:<sup>0057</sup> <sup>3</sup>:<sup>28</sup> � <sup>10</sup>�<sup>5</sup> <sup>83</sup> <sup>83</sup>:<sup>24</sup> <sup>1</sup>:<sup>13</sup> � <sup>10</sup>�<sup>4</sup> <sup>1</sup>:<sup>0029</sup> <sup>2</sup>:<sup>25</sup> � <sup>10</sup>�<sup>5</sup> <sup>100</sup> <sup>100</sup>:<sup>04</sup> <sup>8</sup>:<sup>87</sup> � <sup>10</sup>�<sup>5</sup> <sup>1</sup>:<sup>0004</sup> <sup>1</sup>:<sup>77</sup> � <sup>10</sup>�<sup>5</sup>

Table 4. Relative precision and uncertainty of recovery for the three validation standards in the fluorimetric

<sup>t</sup> <sup>¼</sup> j j <sup>1</sup> � <sup>R</sup> u Rð Þ

This value is then compared with the two-tailed critical value of tabulated Student-t statistic for np-1 degrees of freedom (14 in our case) at a 95% confidence level ð Þ tcritð Þ¼ 14; 95% 2:145 . For the three studied validation standards, recoveries were significantly equal to unity, and we

IP contains u<sup>2</sup>

Now, all contributions of specification factors have been included in the budget. Consider now that a sample of tonic water (Schweppes) has been analyzed by following the recommended procedure. The response is measured in triplicate (m = 3), leading to a fluorescence intensity (AU) of 617.5, 618.1 and 616.7. The mean value is Y<sup>0</sup> ¼ 617:43 that corresponds to a quinine

uncertainty from Eq. (17), but neglecting the radical term 1/3 in order to avoid double

relð Þ¼ Ccal <sup>1</sup>:<sup>7</sup> � <sup>10</sup>�<sup>6</sup>

sample according Eq. (15) with R ¼ 1 and f prec ¼ 1 is Z = 76.936 ppm. We can interpolate this

relð Þþ <sup>V</sup> <sup>u</sup><sup>2</sup>

Thus, urelð Þ¼ Z 0:03115 and u Zð Þ¼ 76:936 � 0:03115 ¼ 2:396. By assuming a Gaussian coverage factor of 95% confidence k = 2, the expanded uncertainty is U Zð Þ¼ 4:792 and the quinine

<sup>¼</sup> <sup>1</sup>:<sup>7</sup> � <sup>10</sup>�<sup>6</sup> <sup>þ</sup> <sup>9</sup>:<sup>18</sup> � <sup>10</sup>�<sup>4</sup> <sup>þ</sup> <sup>3</sup>:<sup>37</sup> � <sup>10</sup>�<sup>7</sup> <sup>þ</sup> <sup>6</sup>:<sup>25</sup> � <sup>10</sup>�<sup>6</sup> <sup>þ</sup> <sup>4</sup>:<sup>38</sup> � <sup>10</sup>�<sup>5</sup>

A more detailed picture of most recent selected papers about the "Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement" is depicted in Table 5, giving an idea of the importance and



Content Authors Ref. Calculating uncertainty of measurement for serology assays by use of precision and bias. Dimech et al., 2006 [55]

A Practical Way to ISO/GUM Measurement Uncertainty for Analytical Assays Including In-House Validation Data

Kacher et al., 2006 [56]

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.72048

González et al., 2005 [57]

Gregory et al., 2005 [58]

Herrador et al., 2005 [59]

Kacker et al., 2004 [62]

Choi et al., 2003 [64]

Kristiansen, 2003 [65]

Krouwer, 2003 [66]

Kessel, 2002 [68]

Hund et al., 2001 [69]

AMC, 1995 [71]

Cortez, 1995 [72]

[60]

123

[61]

[63]

[70]

[74]

Jurado and Alcázar,

White and Farrance,

Hibbert, 2005

2005

2004

1999

1994

Comparison of ISO-GUM, draft GUM Supplement 1 and Bayesian statistics using simple

Estimation of the measurement uncertainty of analytical assays based on the LGC/VAM protocol from validation data in the light of the study of precision, trueness and robustness.

Philosophy behind the GUM, and demonstrates, with a medical physics measurement example of how the GUM recommends uncertainties be calculated and reported.

The limitations of the GUM for evaluating the uncertainty of indirect measurements. The propagation of distributions as the best way to evaluate the measurement. Uncertainty and the use of Monte-Carlo method for performing the propagation of distributions is outlined

Comparison of six commercial programs devoted to the estimation of measurement uncertainty for feasibility in order to be applied in routine chemical analysis.

Statistical analysis of Consultative Committees of the International Committee of Weights

General overview of the uncertainty of measurement concept, with minimal metrological terminology, and also practical guidelines to assist pathology laboratories comply with this

Approach to determine the overall uncertainty by combining the uncertainties of the

An appraisal on the guide to expression of uncertainty in measurement approach for

Critique of the Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement method of

Background of the GUM. The knowledge of the respective measurement and other fundamental aspects which have been included in the EA-4/02 requirements document

Operational definitions of uncertainty taking into account the differences in the ways in

Review of the concepts and practices of data quality in analytical chemistry in relation to uncertainty. It is addressed primarily to the bodies that will be responsible for the

Future trends in analytical quality assurance, the evaluation of the quality of analytical results by estimation of their uncertainties. The present state-of-the-art is described, and the impact caused by the declaration of uncertainties in chemical results is foreseen.

individual results when the difference is statistically significant by GUM.

and Measures (CIPM) key comparisons based on the ISO Guide.

estimating and reporting uncertainty in diagnostic assays.

published by the European co-operation for accreditation.

which truth, uncertainty and error are conceived.

introduction of uncertainty into routine practice.

Treatment of bias in estimating measurement uncertainty. O'Donnell and

Effect of non-significant proportional bias in the final measurement uncertainty. Maroto et al., 2003 [67]

Approaches to the evaluation of uncertainties associated with recovery Barwick and Ellison,

Critical reflexion about the uncertainty concept and its method for estimation. Thompson, 1995 [73]

Guidelines for evaluating and expressing the uncertainty of NIST measurement results. Taylor and Kuyatt,

Table 5. Selected papers about the "Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM)".

linear calibration.

and discussed.

accreditation requirement.

estimating uncertainty.

Content Authors Ref.

The assurance as a result of blood chemical analysis by ISO-GUM and Quality Engineering. Iwaki, 2010 [41]

From GUM to alternative methods for measurement uncertainty evaluation. Priel, 2009 [45]

Scientific discussion about measurement uncertainty and chemical analysis. Kadis, 2008 [48]

Chew et al., 2012 [36]

Ma et al., 2012 [38]

Williams, 2012 [39]

Rozet et al., 2011 [40]

Westward, 2010 [42]

Nam et al., 2009 [44]

Bich, 2008 [46]

Buffler et al., 2008 [47]

Ezhela, 2007 [50]

Kacher et al., 2007 [51]

Meyer, 2007 [52]

Bich et al., 2006 [54]

Magnusson and Ellison, 2008

González and Herrador, 2007

Vanatta and Coleman, 2007

Deldossi and Zappa,

2009

[37]

[43]

[49]

[9]

[53]

Farrance and Frenkel,

2012

Monte Carlo approach for estimating measurement uncertainty using standard

measurand may be achieved through a functional relationship.

norketamine in urine using a one-point calibration method.

but also to stress their main similarities.

from a statistician point of view.

measurement results are combined as an example.

General overview of the GUM and to show how the calculation of uncertainty in the

EURACHEM/CITAC workshop on recent developments in measurement uncertainty. Contains a selection of the contributed papers at this workshop and show how the evaluation of uncertainty is now being applied to a wide range of analyses.

Estimation of the measurement uncertainty in quantitative determination of ketamine and

Highlight some of the differences between the two concepts of total error and uncertainty

Managing quality vs. measuring uncertainty in the medical laboratory. The paper argues that total error provides a practical top-down estimate of measurement uncertainty in the laboratory, and that the ISO/GUM model should be primarily directed to and applied by

Comparison of the approach to measure uncertainties proposed in ISO 5725 and GUM

Utilizing the correlations between the N individual results, an equation is derived to combine the N individual uncertainties of N measurements. Using the newly derived equation including the correlation coefficient, three measurement uncertainties of three

Critical debate about the revision of the Guide to the expression of uncertainty in

Course aimed at developing understanding of measurement and uncertainty in the introductory physics laboratory. The course materials, in the form of a student workbook, are based on the probabilistic framework for measurement as recommended by the International Organization for Standardization in their publication GUM.

Treatment of uncorrected measurement bias in uncertainty estimation for chemical

A detailed step-by-step guide to analytical method validation, considering the most relevant procedures for checking the quality parameters of analytical methods.

Development of the concept of uncertainty in measurement and the methods for its quantification from the classical error analysis to the modern approaches based on the

Measurement uncertainty: top-down and bottom-up approach, tools for its determination

Critical review about calibration-, uncertainty-, and recovery-related documents from 10

Evolution of the GUM: documents relating to the GUM planned by Joint Committee for

physics literature and in the scientific and technological databases.

uncertainty sources and practical examples.

consensus-based organizations.

Guides in Metrology.

A critical overview of the current doubtful practice on presentation of correlated data in the

spreadsheet software.

122 Quality Control in Laboratory

manufacturers.

measurement.

measurements.

GUM.


Table 5. Selected papers about the "Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM)".

relevance of the topic in different fields. Emphasis is stressed on reviews and taking into account the high number of references available, the authors apologize for those they may have overlooked or inadvertently omitted. Selected applications about the estimation of uncertainty in volumetric glassware, analytical balance and calibration curves, as well as the evaluation of the measurement uncertainty in classical and instrumental techniques are shown in Tables 6 and 7. Figure 2 shows the number of publications cited per year, whereas in Figure 3, the number of paper cited by journal for the most cited journals appears.

Content Reference Ref.

A Practical Way to ISO/GUM Measurement Uncertainty for Analytical Assays Including In-House Validation Data

Practical guide to estimates of uncertainty of the calibration of balances. Anonymous [91]

Weighing uncertainties in quantitative source preparation for radionuclide metrology. Lourenço and Bobin,

Lam and Isenhour, 1980 [90]

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.72048

Flicker and Tran, 2016 [92]

Rahman et al., 2015 [77]

[93]

125

[9]

[94]

2015

2007

González and Herrador, 2007

Salahinejad and Aflaki,

Pozivil et al., 2006 [95]

González et al., 2005 [96]

Davidson et al., 2004 [97]

Reichmuth et al., 2004 [98]

Wunderli et al., 2003 [99]

Clark and Shull, 2001 [100]

Kehl et al., 2000 [101]

Kadis, 2017 [13]

[102]

Kochsiek and Gläser,

2000

Minimizing relative error in the preparation of standard solutions by judicious choice

Calculating measurement uncertainty of the "conventional value of the result of

Influencing factors in uncertainty measurement that affect mass and volume determination. Technical specification of an analytical balance: readability,

specification data sheet, and the considered weighing scenario.

factors such as: air humidity, air pressure and air buoyancy.

weighing results was determined in a long-term experiment.

analytical balances is revisited according to the GUM.

measurement of mass and weight.

methods for estimating MU.

weighing results.

Calibration curve

approach.

sensitivity) and the effect of air buoyancy.

revealed in current chromatographic literature.

repeatability, linearity, off-center loading and hysteresis and for volumetric glassware: repeatability, readability, temperature coefficient of sensitivity, temperature scattering, meniscus reading and environmental conditions (temperature and humidity).

Procedure for evaluating the uncertainty of mass measurements when using electronic balances based on the internal quality-control routine, the calibration process, the

Influence factors that affect in uncertainty measurement of a mass determination. Technical specifications of a balance: Readability, repeatability, non-linearity, sensitivity tolerance, temperature coefficient of sensitivity and effects of environmental

The influence of atmospheric pressure, air temperature, and relative air humidity on

The uncertainty evaluation of mass measurements when using "in-house" calibrated

Good practice guide is intended as a useful reference for those involved in the practical

Influence factors which are part of the combined measurement uncertainty of a mass determination and their interplay, namely the technical specifications of the balance (repeatability, nonlinearity, sensitivity tolerance, and temperature coefficient of the

A new method to correct for the largest systematic influence in mass determination – air buoyancy. Full description of the most relevant influence parameters and the combined measurement uncertainty is evaluated according to the ISO–GUM

Evaluation of methods for estimating the uncertainty of electronic balance measurements. Terminology used to describe measurement quality, i.e., "accuracy," "precision," "linearity," "hysteresis," "measurement uncertainty" (MU), and the various contributors to MU, and will discuss the advantages and limitations of various

The influence of variations in atmospheric pressure on the uncertainty budget of

Common mistakes in evaluating the uncertainty when pursuing that strategy, as

determination that is comprehensive but does not purport to be complete.

Comprehensive mass metrology: A survey of the current problems surrounding mass

of volumetric glassware.

Analytical balance

weighing in air".


relevance of the topic in different fields. Emphasis is stressed on reviews and taking into account the high number of references available, the authors apologize for those they may have overlooked or inadvertently omitted. Selected applications about the estimation of uncertainty in volumetric glassware, analytical balance and calibration curves, as well as the evaluation of the measurement uncertainty in classical and instrumental techniques are shown in Tables 6 and 7. Figure 2 shows the number of publications cited per year, whereas in Figure 3,

Content Reference Ref.

Analysis of the results obtained in the calibration of electronic analytical balances. Valcu and Baicu, 2012 [78]

Ranking of the contributions to the uncertainty of titrimetric results. Wampfler and Rösslein,

Primer on weighing uncertainties in radionuclidic metrology. Collé, 2008 [83]

Sources for both the gravimetric and spectrophotometric pipette calibration methods. Clark and Shull, 2003 [86] Sampling variance of ultra-dilute solutions. Efstathiou, 2000 [87]

Matsuda et al., 2015 [75]

Mukund et al., 2015 [76]

Rahman et al., 2015 [77]

Meyer et al., 2010 [79]

Batista et al., 2009 [80]

Batista et al., 2008 [82]

Kostic et al., 2006 [84]

Kadis, 2004 [85]

Schwartz, 1990 [88]

Schwartz, 1989 [89]

[81]

2009

the number of paper cited by journal for the most cited journals appears.

Uncertainty on using graduated volumetric glassware for the concentration of samples

Experimental study on evaluation of uncertainty in volumetric measurement: pipettes, graduated pipettes, graduated burettes, volumetric flasks and micropipettes used in

Influencing factors in uncertainty measurement that affect mass and volume determination. Technical specification of an analytical balance such as: readability, repeatability, linearity, off-center loading and hysteresis and for volumetric glassware: repeatability, readability, temperature coefficient of sensitivity, temperature scattering, meniscus reading and environmental conditions (temperature and humidity) are

Influence quantities for the uncertainty of a volumetric operation with glass instruments: Calibration, handling repeatability, and the maximum permissible error.

volume calibration: mainstream GUM and Monte Carlo method.

analyzed and illustrated with a numerical example.

Comparison of two different approaches in the uncertainty calculation of gravimetric

Volume calibration of 1000 μl micropipettes. Inter-laboratory comparison between six

Measurement and uncertainty evaluation of nanofluid particle concentration using

Detailed analysis of relevant uncertainty sources with two different procedures for evaluating the uncertainty identified: one of them relies on the prescribed tolerance while the other is based on the experimental estimation of the actual performance in the user's hand. The uncertainty budget for each of these two approaches is evaluated,

Experimental study using gravimetry in order to measure the variances observed in aliquot volumes delivered by graduated burettes operating with various flow-rates and surface tensions and with the burette tip immersed and not immersed in the

Statistical methodology required for rigorous calibration of devices that are designed to deliver a fixed aliquot volume without having to read volume graduations lines.

(concentration tube) and its effect on measurement accuracy.

various analytical and biological studies.

Volumetric glassware

124 Quality Control in Laboratory

considered.

national metrology institutes.

volumetric flask method.

receiving liquid.



A Practical Way to ISO/GUM Measurement Uncertainty for Analytical Assays Including In-House Validation Data

Table 6. Selected papers about the estimation of uncertainty in volumetric glassware, analytical balance and calibration

Content Reference Ref.

Penninckx et al., 1996 [119]

127

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.72048

Asuero et al., 1988 [120]

Singh et al., 2013 [121]

Li et al., 2002 [122]

Mettler Toledo, 2014 [124]

Basak and Kundu, 2013 [125]

Calisto et al., 2013 [126]

Amanatidou et al., 2012 [127]

Sooväli et al., 2006 [128]

Drolc et al., 2003 [129]

Pueyo and Vilalta, 1996 [130]

[123]

Barbieri Gonzaga and Rodrigues Cordeiro, 2014

Strategy for the validation of the calibration procedure in atomic absorption spectrometry. In order to accomplish this, the suitability of different experimental designs and statistical tests, to trace outliers, to examine the behavior of the variance and to detect a lack-of-fit, was evaluated. Parametric as well as randomization tests

Evaluation of purity with its uncertainty value in high purity lead stick by

Measurement procedure for precisely determining hypochlorite in commercial bleaches, with established traceability and full description of its uncertainty using

Evaluation of measurement uncertainty components associated with the results of complexometric determination of calcium in ceramic raw materials using

Target measurement uncertainty as a tool for validation of uncertainties estimated by different approaches: determination of total hardness in drinking

An easy uncertainty evaluation of the chemical oxygen demand titrimetric

Uncertainty estimation in measurement of pKa values in nonaqueous media: a

Uncertainty of chemical oxygen demand determination in wastewater samples. The major sources of uncertainty of the result of measurement were identified as the purity of reagents, volumetric operations, gravimetric operations, bias, and

Analytical procedure for the determination of the concentration of hydrochloric acid by titration against a standardized sodium hydroxide solution. The expanded uncertainty of the final result is expressed, endeavoring, in particular

analysis in correlation with quality control and validation data.

case study on basicity scale in acetonitrile medium.

The determination of barium by the gravimetric method, in which the precipitation of BaSO4 was formed and weighed, coupled with instrumental measurement of trace constituents was studied. Sources of uncertainty were

Calculation of measurement uncertainty in the determination of the concentration of a freshly prepared solution of sodium hydroxide using

potassium hydrogen phthalate as the primary standard.

conventional and electro-gravimetric methods.

The "precision pattern space" is introduced in order to find the general expression for the law of random error propagation. A new approach to the determination of the optimum working range in spectrophotometric procedures has been developed. The method involves the use of the calibration curve and the application of the Laplacian

were considered.

curves.

Gravimetry

Titrimetry

EDTA.

and natural waters.

the repeatability of the method.

assessed thoroughly.

automatic potentiometric titration.

operator to concentration.

provided.


Critical review on the usual procedures for testing the accuracy of analytical methods. Kemény et al., 2009 [109]

de Beer et al., 2012 [103]

Sousa et al., 2012 [104]

Theodorou et al., 2012 [105]

Thompson, 2011 [107]

Mermer, 2010 [108]

Willink, 2008 [110]

White and Saunders,

Hayashi and Matsuda,

Hibbert, 2006 [113]

González et al., 2005 [114–

Giordano, 1999 [118]

Heydorn and Anglov,

Brüggemann and Wennrich, 2002

[106]

[111]

[112]

115]

[116]

[117]

Nezhikhovskiy et al.,

2006

2007

2006

2002

The quality coefficient as performance assessment parameter of straight line calibration curves in relationship with the number of calibration points.

Comparison in the evaluation of measurement uncertainty in analytical chemistry testing between the use of quality control data and a

Application of various methodologies concerning the estimation of the standard uncertainty of a calibration curve used for the determination of sulfur mass

The evaluation of uncertainty for linear calibration curves generation in analytical

Calibration in atomic spectrometry: a tutorial review dealing with quality criteria,

Uncertainty functions: a way of summarizing or specifying the behavior of analytical

Three different techniques for fitting straight lines to experimental data and evaluation of uncertainty: (i) traditional fitting by least-squares, (ii) a Bayesian linear-regression analysis and (iii) an analysis according to the propagation of probability density

New method for propagating uncertainty, based on interpolation theory, to solve the problem in linear interpolating equations. The method is extended to nonlinear equations, and to over-determined linear or nonlinear equations fitted by least-squares

Propous theory to calculate the confidence intervals of calibration lines in the above situations. Analyses made up of sample weighing, dilution, High Performance Liquid Chromatography measurement and calibration with the linear least-squares fitting are

Commonly used expression for the standard error of a result obtained from a straight line calibration is extended to a quadratic calibration, and the case where weighted

The use of Crystal-Ball is illustrated with two working examples dealing with specification models of non-linear features and with correlated variables (such as the

Introduction of a novel approach on actual calibration data for the determination of Pb by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy. The improved calibration uncertainty was verified from independent measurements of the same sample by demonstrating statistical control of analytical results and the absence of

Evaluation of measurement uncertainty for analytical procedures using a linear calibration function: the uncertainty deduced from repeated observations of the sample vs. the uncertainty deduced from the standard

Evaluation of the most conflicting points concerning linear regression. Confidence bands and a discussion about the use of a line through the origin are also included. In addition, the simplest expressions for expressing parameters to the appropriate significant figures from built-in calculator programs are also

regression analysis.

126 Quality Control in Laboratory

concentration in fuels.

weighting procedures and possible curvatures.

functions attributed to the points measured.

slope and intercept of calibration straight lines).

residual deviation of the regression.

laboratories.

systems.

methods.

bias.

provided.

taken as examples.

regression is necessary.

Table 6. Selected papers about the estimation of uncertainty in volumetric glassware, analytical balance and calibration curves.



A Practical Way to ISO/GUM Measurement Uncertainty for Analytical Assays Including In-House Validation Data

Scapin et al., 2011 [143]

129

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.72048

O'Meara and Fleming, 2009 [144]

Morgenstern et al., 2005 [145]

Saxena et al., 2017 [146]

Živković et al., 2017 [147]

Torres et al., 2015 [148]

Mahajan et al., 2012 [149]

Theodorou et al., 2011 [150]

Alves et al., 2009 [151]

Jokai and Fodor, 2009 [152]

Jürgens et al., 2007 [153]

Chui, 2007 [154]

Guevara-Riba et al., 2006 [155]

Haouet et al., 2006 [156]

Patriarca et al., 2004 [158]

Tirez et al., 2002 [159]

Uncertainty measurement evaluation of wavelength dispersive and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence techniques for the Si and Utotal determination in

Uncertainty calculations for the measurement of in vivo bone lead by X-ray

Effect of the sample matrix on measurement uncertainty in X-ray fluorescence

Determination and uncertainty analysis of inorganic arsenic in husked rice by solid phase extraction and atomic absorption spectrometry with hydride

Optimization and measurement uncertainty estimation of hydride generation– cryogenic trapping–gas chromatography–cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry for the determination of methylmercury in seawater.

Approach for the estimate of the uncertainty in measurement considering the individual sources related to the different steps of the method under evaluation as well as the uncertainties estimated from the validation data for the determination of mercury in seafood by using thermal decomposition/

Methodology of evaluating the uncertainty of measurement of chemical

Comparison of ISO-GUM and Monte Carlo methods for the evaluation of measurement uncertainty: Application to direct cadmium measurement in water

Evaluation of measurement uncertainties for the determination of total metal

Uncertainty statement of a mercury speciation analytical method using the relationships fixed by GUM (Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in

How to validate the calibration function is dealt with in detail using as an example based on measurements obtained for nickel determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Assessing uncertainties related to linear

UV–Vis spectrophotometric and flame atomic absorption spectrometric analysis for iron determination in a pharmaceutical product were compared in terms of

Three approaches are compared for the evaluation of the combined uncertainty in the determination of mercury in aquatic sediments by an aqua regia extraction

Uncertainty of atomic absorption spectrometer. Hirano et al., 2005 [157]

Full validation of a cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry method for

Estimate of uncertainty of measurement from a single-laboratory validation

Total uncertainty budget calculation for the determination of mercury in incineration ash (BCR 176R) by atomic fluorescence spectrometry.

U3Si2 nuclear fuel.

Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

amalgamation atomic absorption spectrometry.

composition using atomic absorption spectrometry.

by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry.

content in soils by atomic absorption spectrometry.

fluorescence

analysis.

generation.

Measurement).

procedure.

uncertainty budgets.

calibration curves is also discussed.

mercury determination in fishery products.

study: application to the determination of lead in blood.

Tutorial review on measurement uncertainty estimation in amperometric sensors. Helm et al., 2010 [134]

Rodomonte et al., 2006 [131]

Sousa and Trancoso, 2005 [132]

Koort et al., 2004 [133]

Virro et al., 2008 [135]

Takano et al., 2017 [136]

Amanatidou et al., 2011 [137]

Dobiliene et al., 2010 [138]

Galbán et al., 2007 [139]

Sooväli et al., 2006 [128]

Traks et al., 2005 [140]

Remya Devi et al., 2015 [142]

[141]

Ramachandran and Rashmi,

1999

to evaluate covariances and to take into account the chemical behavior of the

Uncertainty evaluation in the chloroquine phosphate potentiometric titration: Application of three different approaches: The famous error-budget approach, the analytical method committee top-down and the last method chosen was the

Procedure to estimate the uncertainty of measurement applied to the fluoride determination of waters and wastewaters matrices by selective electrode potentiometry based on Eurachem Guide. The major sources of uncertainty were identified as the calibration standard solutions, fluoride concentration obtained

by potential interpolation of the regression line and the precision.

Estimation of uncertainty in measurement of the pKa of a weak acid by potentiometric titration. The procedure is based on the ISO GUM.

Case study of ISO GUM-based estimation of measurement uncertainty of quantitative surface elemental analysis by electron probe microanalysis.

Uncertainty in spectrophotometric analysis – "Error propagation break up", a novel statistical method for uncertainty management. For the assessment of the computations, different approaches are discussed, such as the contribution to the Combined Standard Uncertainty of the reproducibility, the repeatability, the total

Procedure to estimate measurement uncertainty of a validated UV spectrophotometric method for quantification of desloratadine in tablet

bias, the calibration curve, and the type of the measurand.

physical transformation of spectrometric analysis.

molecular absorption instruments and measurements.

Eevaluation of the uncertainty and metrological reliability of material concentration measurement considering sample preparation and chemical–

Uncertainty in modern spectrophotometers: An up-to-date view of UV–vis

Overview of the most important uncertainty sources that affect analytical UV–Vis spectrophotometric measurements. Altogether, eight uncertainty sources are discussed that are expected to have influence in chemical analysis.

Procedure for estimation of measurement uncertainty of photometric analyis based on the ISO GUM method. Two variations of the procedure, for the calibration graph and the standard addition method, are discussed.

Evaluation of the uncertainty of measurement in the determination of manganese by spectrophotometric analysis. The standard uncertainty is evaluated for each input quantity. These are then appropriately combined to get the combined

Evaluation of uncertainty in the energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence

specific reagent.

128 Quality Control in Laboratory

Amperometry

formulation.

Electron probe microanalysis

Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry

uncertainty of measurement.

X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry

determination of platinum in alumina.

Potentiometry: Ion Selective Electrode

one proposed by Barwick and Ellison.



A Practical Way to ISO/GUM Measurement Uncertainty for Analytical Assays Including In-House Validation Data

Bürguer et al., 2010 [171]

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131

Hwang et al., 2017 [172]

Valese et al., 2017 [173]

Vergeynst et al., 2017 [174]

Brieudes et al., 2016 [175]

Paoloni et al., 2016 [176]

Valese et al., 2016 [177]

Ariza et al., 2015 [178]

Pereira et al., 2015 [179,

Santos et al., 2015 [181]

Terish Bino et al., 2015 [182]

Pavlova et al., 2014 [183]

180]

The application of the GUM to calculate standard uncertainties for routine uranium isotope mass spectrometry measurements for nuclear safeguards and

Study to estimate a reasonable uncertainty for the measurement of the identified measurand, which is the mass concentration of ethanol, methanol, acetone, and isopropanol determined through dual capillary column headspace gas chromatograph (GC): GC calibration adjustment slope, GC analytical, and

Development, validation and different approaches for the measurement uncertainty of a multi-class veterinary drugs residues liquid chromatography-

Critical challenges regarding the validation of a quantitative multi-residue method for pharmaceuticals in wastewater making use of modern solid phase extraction-liquid chromatography-orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry. Particular attention is given to study in detail response linearity, to realistically estimate detection limits, and to express the measurement precision of the analyte

Validation and uncertainties evaluation of an isotope dilution-solid phase extraction-liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for the

Rapid determination of residues of pesticides in honey by gas chromatography– electron capture detector and gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry: Method validation and estimation of measurement uncertainty according to

A fast and simple liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for detecting pyrrolizidine alkaloids in honey with full validation and measurement

The role of uncertainty regarding the results of screening immunoassays in blood

Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in water by a simple dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method. Validation parameters, including the calculation of the expanded uncertainty associated to the results in the range of quantification is

Establishing measurement of uncertainty for simultaneous bio-analytical determination of L-Carnitine and Metformin in human plasma by liquid

Contribution of each stage in the developed procedure on the uncertainty measurement of the determination of volatile aromatic hydrocarbons in surface and underground water. The uncertainty sources were identified and illustrated

Comparison of different methods to estimate the uncertainty in composition measurement by chromatography: two of them (guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement method and prediction method) were compared

Mass spectrometry

nuclear metrology.

Chromatography

certified reference material.

mass spectrometry method for feeds.

concentration, obtained by external calibration.

quantification of drug residues in surface waters.

document No. SANCO/12571/2013.

with the Monte Carlo method.

chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry.

uncertainty.

establishments.

included.

in an effect diagram.

O 'Donnell, 2000 [160]

Kristiansen et al., 1996 [161]

Al-Deen et al., 2004 [162]

Andersen et al., 2016 [163]

Tanase et al., 2015 [164]

Senila et al., 2014 [165]

Ohlsson, 2012 [166]

Chudzinska et al., 2012 [167]

Bonnefoy et al., 2002 [169]

Barwick et al., 1999 [170]

[168]

Fortunato and Wunderli,

2003

Uncertainty of measurement of the analysis of lead in blood by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry calibrating with a commercial available

The major sources of uncertainty of a method for determination of Pb in whole blood by atomic absorption spectrometry. The combined uncertainty was compared to the experimentally determined variation and a satisfactory agreement was found, indicating that no significant sources of uncertainty have been overlooked and that the method is in a state of statistical control.

Uncertainty budget for the results of measurements of purity of the agrochemical

spectroscopy. The budget combines intralaboratory precision from repeated independent measurements of a batch, and other Type A and Type B effects.

Results of prominent technologies of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, for determination of chloride-isotope ratios (35Cl/37Cl) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry for determination of sodium, were evaluated in terms of the true level of uncertainty and revealed a genuine problem for science that was not addressed in VIM3 and QUAM.

Application of the GUM approach to estimate the measurement results uncertainty for the quantitative determination of Al, Ba, Fe, Mg, Mn, Pb, Sr. and Zn from document paper samples using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer. The measurement uncertainty estimation was done based on identifying, quantifying and combining all the associated sources of uncertainty

Development, validation, and evaluation of measurement uncertainty of a method for quantitative determination of essential and nonessential elements in medicinal plants and their aqueous extracts by using inductively coupled plasma

Uncertainty budget for multi-elemental analysis of plant nutrients in conifer foliar material using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission

was validated, and the uncertainty budget was set up.

Method for simultaneous inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer determination of 13 elements in three types of honey from Poland. The method

Evaluation of the combined measurement uncertainty in isotope dilution by a multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer and the use of

Validation of the determination of lead in whole blood by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. Uncertainty of the centroid of the calibration graph was preferred to the evaluation of the linearity with ANOVA to validate the

The measurement uncertainty associated with the determination of Ni in aqueous samples by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer has been calculated using a cause-and-effect approach. A cause-and-effect diagram was constructed to aid in the identification of the sources of uncertainty associated

H and 31P quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

standard.

130 Quality Control in Laboratory

glyphosate using <sup>1</sup>

separately.

spectrometry.

Inductively Coupled Plasma

optical emission spectrometry.

high-purity reference materials.

calibration procedure.

with the method.



Table 7. Selected papers on evaluation of the measurement uncertainty in classical and instrumental techniques.

Figure 3. Number of papers cited by journals.

Figure 2. Number of publications cited per year.

A Practical Way to ISO/GUM Measurement Uncertainty for Analytical Assays Including In-House Validation Data

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133

A Practical Way to ISO/GUM Measurement Uncertainty for Analytical Assays Including In-House Validation Data http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.72048 133

Figure 2. Number of publications cited per year.

Li et al., 2013 [184]

Dias et al., 2012 [185]

Tomić et al., 2012 [186]

Weitzel, 2012 [187]

Brás et al., 2011 [188]

Brennan et al., 2011 [189]

Pana et al., 2011 [190]

Kim et al., 2010 [191]

Semeraro et al., 2009 [193]

Gullberg, 2006 [194]

Anglov et al., 2003 [195]

Yang et al., 2002 [196]

Hibbert et al., 2001 [197]

[192]

Konieczka and Namieśnik,

2010

Evaluation of the sources of uncertainty in the determination of repaglinide in human plasma using liquid chromatography–tandem mass

Measurement uncertainty of food carotenoid determination. The ISO guide was interpreted for analytical chemistry by EURACHEM. Measurement uncertainty was estimated based on laboratory validation data, including precision and method performance studies, and also, based on laboratory participation in

Comparison of measurement uncertainty component estimations for three methods using the high-performance liquid chromatography techniques: determination of the type and content of aromatic hydrocarbons in diesel fuels

chromatography, and determination of molecular weights of polystyrene by size

The estimation and use of measurement uncertainty for a drug substance test

A high-performance technique that was originally developed for inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry has been successfully translated to ion chromatography to enable analyses with extremely low uncertainty

Estimating the uncertainty related to GC-MS analysis of organo-chlorinated

Basic terms, sources of uncertainty, and methods of calculating the combined

Evaluation of uncertainty of measurement from method validation data: An application to the simultaneous determination of retinol and -tocopherol in

Uncertainty budget for final assay of a pharmaceutical product based on reverse

Propagation of uncertainty in high-performance liquid chromatography with

Table 7. Selected papers on evaluation of the measurement uncertainty in classical and instrumental techniques.

human serum by high performance liquid chromatography.

phase high performance liquid chromatography.

Estimating the measurement uncertainty in forensic breath-alcohol

Analytical method to verify the accuracy of the natural abundance butyltin standard concentrations that are needed for their subsequent use in the reverse spike isotope dilution quantitation of enriched species-specific spikes. A full combined uncertainty calculation, accounting for all possible sources of uncertainty in the

Development of a model system of uncertainty evaluations for multiple measurements by isotope dilution mass spectrometry: determination of folic acid

Estimation of the global uncertainty associated to the determination of pentachlorophenol in aqueous samples, by gas chromatography with mass

spectrometric detection, after solid phase microextraction.

and petroleum distillates by normal phase high-performance liquid chromatography, determination of nitrates in water samples by ion

spectrometry.

132 Quality Control in Laboratory

proficiency tests.

exclusion chromatography technique.

(0.2% Relative Expanded Uncertainty).

pesticides from water.

in infant formula.

uncertainty.

analysis.

measurement process.

UV–VIS detection.

procedure validated according to USP <1225>.

Figure 3. Number of papers cited by journals.
