6. Advantages and disadvantages of MAE

MAE process efficiency is dependent on various extraction parameters. These parameters can be counted as the nature of raw material, strength and level of microwave irradiation, extraction time, extraction pressure, and solvent flow rate. In the extraction process where the heatlabile compounds have to be recovered, lower levels of irradiation may bring lower efficiency because sensitive component recovery effectiveness may be decreased due to high microwave power levels. Extraction time is also important that is acts together with the microwave power. Even if the same amount of microwave power is used, if a raw material is extruded for a longer period, the yield will definitely be lower. Because the liminal structure of the material will


assigned to be inadequate in terms of green technology applications and waste of time/money, etc. However, there may be strict regulations about the use and recycling of solvents that are used in conventional techniques. In addition, thermal degradation of organic materials may occur due to the long extractions at elevated temperature. Many extraction studies could not be carried to further innovative applications because of using the area of expertise to only extract and to only characterize the extracted compounds from food materials. In later periods, researchers have started to investigate the possible ways to make optimization studies being related to extraction and to collaborate by exerting multidisciplinary studies to test the synergy between the extraction modules. So, being one of the green extraction methods, microwaveassisted extraction has many advantages of being cheap and safe and is applicable to a wide range of food materials [2, 3, 11]. This emerging technique uses the advantages of diffusivity of solvents being close to gases and being at least two orders of magnitude larger than liquids. By exploiting the advantage of the microwave-assisted extraction system and observing the basic principles of the extraction system, the current study has conveyed the information on the operation and industrial usage of extraction. The current status of the method gives a promising sign for the use of green extraction in the food industry, and it can be evaluated as convenient to be scaled up and to be transferred to other disciplines such as pharmacy,

Microwave-Assisted Green Extraction Technology for Sustainable Food Processing

http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76140

175

chemistry, medicine, materials science, etc.

Address all correspondence to: ruhan.uzel@yasar.edu.tr

10(1):83-94. DOI: 10.2166/wp.2008.053

Department of Food Processing, Yasar University, Izmir, Turkey

Development. 2017;25(3):213-226. DOI: 10.1002/sd.1647

istry. 2015;71:100-109. DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.04.013

try. 2013;47:1-11. DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2013.02.007

[1] Müller A, Schmidhuber J, Hoogeveen J, Steduto P. Some insights in the effect of growing bio-energy demand on global food security and natural resources. Water Policy. 2008;

[2] Holden E, Linnerud, Banister D. The imperatives of sustainable development. Sustainable

[3] Tiwari BK. Ultrasound: A clean, green extraction technology. Trends in Analytical Chem-

[4] Anne YL, Tixier SF, Vian MA, Chemat F. Solvent-free microwave extraction of bioactive compounds provides a tool for green analytical chemistry. Trends in Analytical Chemis-

Author details

Ruhan Askin Uzel

References

Table 3. Advantages and disadvantages of MAE depending on the operating systems.

deteriorate over time and gradually lose its originality. In this case, especially the structure of the food material or the preparation before extraction will enter the circuit. Of course, the preparation of the foodstuff or the preparation before extraction is particularly important here. Because the structure of a solid material is tighter, the solvent that extracts may not penetrate into every cell. Rather, it is possible to obtain a higher extraction yield than the granular or powdery sample forms in order to increase the food-solvent interaction. All this facts are considered together with the correct solvent selection and effect of external forces.

Although the process parameters are well combined, even if the sample material is carefully chosen, it will have disadvantages as well as the advantages provided by the MAE technique. Table 3 summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of the MAE technique for using openvessel and closed-vessel systems [33].
