3. Fractal geometric technology in antenna engineering

The concept of fractal geometric technology to the antenna engineering was pioneered by Kim and D. L. Jaggard [11]. They introduced random fractal array antennas for less side-lobe levels. Conventional methods to the design and analysis of antennas have their base in Euclidean geometric methodology. There has been a substantial amount of current interest, however, in the option of developing antennas and array antennas that utilize fractal geometric technology in their design methodologies. Actually, designing of antennas using Euclidean geometry is based on a certain formula and analytical equations, but in this fractal geometry, designing of antennas depends on iterative functions and their recursive algorithms.

Fractal antenna engineering is having two main branches of antenna design methods to fulfil the requirements of wireless-based communication systems. Figure 7 shows the two main branches of 'fractal antenna engineering'. Depending on their properties and designing parameters, both fractal-shaped radiators and fractal array antennas are again classified into various types. Both types are playing a significant role in the advanced communication systems owing to their magnificent radiation characteristics and miniaturized design techniques.
